Polio, Cystic Fibrosis and Hypothyroidism

poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis, commonly referred to as polio is bugger off by acute viral infection from its causative agent, the poliovirus. The virus belongs to the enterovirus family and consists of a naked RNA range of mountains (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 364). The route of spread is fecal oral, similar to nigh another(prenominal) members of the enterovirus class. The initial infection occurs in the mouth and throat, resulting in the secretion of the virus from the salivary secretory organs and its subsequent entry into the gastrointestinal tract.Virus multiplication occurs in the mucosa of the intestines and in lymph nodes, a process that causes symptoms associated with a transitory viremia. Most polio infections do not surface clinic anyy about 1% of infected individuals tin the consequences of central nervous invasion by the virus (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 364). This invasion start manifests as meningeal irritation. But the more or less debilitating effects are seen when it proceeds to the spinal cord, infecting the motor neurons.This invasion causes wasting of muscles and loss of reflexes a disability that persists for the rest of the patients life (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1374). Two types of vaccines pass on been developed and supremacyfully administered for the poliovirus. The Salk type is fixed in formalin and contains killed specimens of all terce major strains of the poliovirus more commonly, the oral Sabin type vaccine is employ which contains live attenuated virus specimens of all three strains as well.The success of the vaccine in nearly eliminating the virus from developed countries and from most of the create world is based on the fact that this virus, like smallpox, only infects humans. Additionally, it is puke from an infected individual for a small period of time it does not change its antigenic molecular makeup through mutations and the vaccine confers sprightliness immunity (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 364). Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is one of the most widespread patrimonial distempers, especially in the Caucasian populations (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p.489).It is an autosomal recessive disease, therefore most carriers of the abnormal allele present with no symptoms. The prime underlying cause of this condition is a mutation on the chromosome 7, in a constituent that has been named cystic fibrosis transconductance regulator gene. This gene codes for a protein that forms a transmembrane channel that actively regulates the crucial transfer of electrolytes across the membrane, notably the chloride ion. The rate and volume of this post is also modulated by intra- and extra- jail cellular signals (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p.490).Once electrolyte pith of the secretions is compromised, it leads to varying water content in extracellular compartments and causes a wide range of debilitating symptoms in different tracts. The most common clinical presentation is respirat ory sorrow in newborn babies. The extremely viscid secretions in the lungs result in recurrent and severe respiratory infections. Moreover, the increased tissue resistance of the lungs results in an increased right-heart workload, which may cause right heart failure.These complications are the most common cause of cystic fibrosis-related deaths in USA. The pancreas is also frequently conglomerate the exocrine part is hit the hardest. This insufficiency results in protein and fat malabsorption which leads to other complications including insufficient absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and edema due to decreased levels of plasma proteins (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 494-495). in that location have been several advances in the management of this disease.Improved control of respiratory infections and lung displace has given encouraging results children and young adults who have had both their lungs transplanted have a survival rate of 70%. Heart, liver, and pancreas transplants have also shown favorable results (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 495). Hypo thyroidalism Hypothyroidism is defined as below normal levels of production or action of the thyroid hormone (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1167). The thyroid hormone has widespread effects on the trunk in regard to regulation of the metabolic rate of all tissues.Hypothyroidism is of three types primary, resulting innate problems of the thyroid secondary, due to improper functioning of the pituitary gland and tertiary, caused by a deficiency of the hypothalamus. The most common type of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas is primary, resulting from immune reaction to the thyroid gland itself, a condition cognize as Hashimoto thyroiditis. In this disorder, the immune system causes cell death in thyroid tissue either by direct cell toxicity or by antibody-mediated reactions (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1167-1170).An antibody against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, which resides on t he cell surface of thyroid tissue, is most frequently found in patients of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Clinically, this disorder presents as a swelling of the thyroid with no symptom of trouble the swelling is commonly diffuse and equal in size and flesh on both sides (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1170). The disease progresses slowly and insidiously, manifested by lack of efficacy and dullness, often mistaken for depression. Cognitive functions are also impaired and corpulency has been reported.Decreased sympathetic activity causes gastrointestinal problems. Since the thyroid hormone directly regulates cardiac calcium influx, a decrease in cardiac output is seen, followed by lowered stamina in the patient (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1168). Diagnosis is made by serological investigations, TSH levels in serum being the most tippy indicator of thyroid function TSH levels are actually elevated in response to lowered thyroxine levels in primary hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine is t he drug of choice for such patients (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1169).