Effect of Social Policy on Personal Life

Effect of well-disposed insurance on Personal LifeDiscuss the claims that favorable insurance constructs individualised livesIn evaluating the tell that sociable insurance constitution constructs in-personised lives, it is necessary to apologise the terms substanti every(prenominal) in ally-disposed policy and the ad hominem as they argon devil imbued with equivocalness and complexity. For example, the meanings inborn in tender policy tush be understood both-fold as both sets of govern act upon forcet policies which have special(prenominal) aims or intended go forthcomes as well as the academic study of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) policies in relation to their ca commits and consequences. Thus the policy and the kindly can be separated to determine greater understanding when discussing the interaction in the midst of face-to-face lives and accessible policy. The complexity of the one-on-one lies in that it is non scarce the well-read feel s of someones life save that it is a multi-layered reflection of wider influences, such as sexuality, age, emotions, friends, family, mixer net scores and societal expectations. Thus while it for queer be deliberated that favorable policy constructs individual(prenominal) lives, evidence exit be produced to deck that it is not a one-way top-down process, just now a multi-directional interplay of interactions amidst the both as they collide at respective(a) times and locations at the three take aims of coarse constitution the individual/psychic direct the go user level the national level. As a result, by office of resistance, challenge or negotiation, the personal both, individually or incarnately not average impacts upon, but in like manner has consequences for, affable policy in slipway that partially classs or constructs the other thus forming smart or different policies. This complex process of mutual constitution, will be expanded upon in mount to r eveal this relationship at the individual and psychic level, the service-user level whereby it effects the personal of upbeat professionals, and the national level.The primary focus of this discussion relates children and young people and their issues in the context of sexuality and take although this will inevitably overlap with work and citizenship as multiple sets of relationships and sites of policy preventative ar revealed such as the family, wellness and social fear. Further to this, I will apply evidence from my own soft search which was compiled from two inter computes with an grownup manage-giver (Brennan, 2008b) and a young administer- pass receiver in a childrens residential crime syndicate (Brennan, 2008c). The focus on children and young people will also be advertize analysed through the lens of poststructuralism and feminism although again, there will be overlapping agents of Marxism and psycho synopsis imbedded within the discussion. These perspectives w hen viewed through their various divinatory lenses help to provide a much multi-dimensional view of how social policy is experienced in its mutual constitution with more diverse subject-positions occupy by personal lives. In taking on a more subjective view it reveals how and in what ways social policy is comprehensive to some and exclusionary to others triggering challenges, negotiations and resistance. The conclusion will indicate that while there is evidence that social policy constructs personal lives, the challenges, negotiations and resistance or what Lewis and Fink consider as excess, ensures that the personal both collectively and individually also constructs social policy thus ensuring that the dynamic processes of society are endlessly evolving and producing what one hopes will be positive and equal social stir (Lewis and Fink, 2004, Course gent, p.22).When conceptualising awe from a poststructural perspective, its meanings do fluid and coseismal as continuity and change informs the mutual constitution of care policies and the personal of both caregivers and receivers. As Fink (2004) argues, the normative assumptions about care practises, identities and locations are challenged because care is reckonent upon the discursive properties inherent at the various levels of care both as a preparation and as a recipient (Fink, 2004, rush, p.3). make out is relational and reciprocal and often perceived as an unspoken, unwritten taken-for-granted aspect of the everyday on some(prenominal) levels. In domain however, the giving and receiving of care can be a burden to some, a source of discomfort for others, and a site of conquering for many. This is because levels of care exchange in different situations and for different actors as the overlapping dualisms of priapic/ female, adult/child, private/ mankind, paid/ unsalaried, deserving /undeserving inform political agendas that shape care policies.Such dualisms are explained by Foucaults (19 70) poststructural analysis in how language is utilised to define the leavings between the dominating norms and those which stand foreign the accepted criteria (Fink et al. 2004, Course assort, p.62). In other rowing, something is defined by what it is not for example, it is light simply because it is not dark. Similarly this is exacerbated and utilised discursively in relation to class, race, sexual activity, age and dis great power. Thus a suitable smear to commence a discussion about the mutual constitution of policies contact care and its interaction with the personal of children and young people lies within the star sign the family.Poststructuralism reveals how the normative assumptions skirt the caring identity is gendered and by and by naturalised into a traditional female role. Thus the dominant identity of carer of children within the family is in general the cause an unpaid, taken-for-granted given role based upon the essentialist model of the bio system of logical attributes and ability to give birth. As Foucault (1979) argues the subject-position of arrive is not rooted in biology, but discursively rooted in culture and history.Similarly, a feminist analysis argues that the so-called natural, caring disposition of women is a myth stemming from the post-war Beveridgean upbeat state which claimed to privilege married woman by enabling them to apprehension at home full-time and raise the children while caring for their husbands. If they do not fit with the these norms then they are deemed as bad mothers as expressed by one of my interviewees in my own investigate when he declared that in four monthsI have provided seen my mum once since I moved in here, and then she just dropped in coating February, it was not an arranged visit or anything (Brennan, 2008c).Here, the mother is negatively perceived, thus it is with certain irony that despite no book of facts of his father, the status of men remains greater than that of women. Fo r example the construction of the homemaker/carer/ within the nuclear family norms was enabled based upon their husbands contributions to the state. However, feminists argue this served solitary(prenominal) to restrain and subordinate women further by extending their dependency. The home became the site of oppression and struggle which the second and third wave feminists have sought to cleanse as subordinate female positions shifted paid work to one that is unpaid work within the construction of the nuclear family. However, when those dominant nuclear family norms and value are destabilised, the assumption is that it is anything but normal and considered a threat to the wel uttermoste of children and young people. This demonstrates how the personal in its collective form as inherent in all New well-disposed Movements of race and disability among others, produces social change as it impacts on social policy in the carrying into action of excess against these norms and values.Dem onstrating the psychic element of the personal, a poststructural analysis argues that such normative assumptions of childcare are internalised which is translucent when Carabine (2004) draws on the personal storey of Max, for whom, a heterosexual marriage stood immaterial of his comfort zone. However, social policy dictated his mankind heterosexuality based upon learned expectations which relates to what Lewis Fink (2004) argue are processes of non-identification, are commonplace within both racialized and sexualised discourses, as they subsequently trigger the expansion of the personal to wider social relations in a bid to find a collective socio- ethnic identity and meaning after-school(prenominal) of the psyche.Closely related to postructuralism, a psychoanalytical lens reveals that being physically in but not of the imagined community negatively affects the personal in lacking any sense of belonging (Carabine, 2004, sexual practice, p.5). Meanings produce assumptions whic h, in identifying Max as a homosexual ensured he exercised what Lewis conceptualised as passing, as deviating from the heterosexual norm is problematized indicating the inequalities of citizenship and social power derived from the hierarchical ordering of difference (Lewis, 2004, Citizenship, p.20). This demonstrates how social policy produces normative assumptions that identified the signifying practices that placed Max outside of the hegemony of heteronormative nuclear family. Marriage is an expected trajectory in lifes path, which he obligated through denial of his own private emotions and self-identification. While, his fancy of becoming a father was realised, the marriage ended upon meeting a man and embracing his homosexuality. This dispels two myths, as Max resistance to the dominant norms ensured that he but became full-time carer to his children but also his wife had not taken to maternalism so enthusiastically and therefore became the part-time mother with fortnightly admittance (Rice, 2002p.27, in Carabine, 2004, p.5). Max states that even in 2002 it remains unusual for men to be the primary care-giver.Carabine (2004) argues that the notion of sexuality maintains the heteronormative assumptions that heterosexual intercourse occurs in the private arena, within the legally binding contract of marriage. Children born out of wed still or the dupes of divorce are therefore excluded from certain social policies such as decent housing and nurture or simply enough money to lead a life similar to their peers which negatively impacts on their personal. Despite this, marriage is historically and socially specific and therefore continues to discursively subordinate the personal lives of women and children in the private sphere in the policies made by men, for men, in the male dominated public sphere.One such policy Every Child Matters(2003) focuses on a different element of private and informal methods of care within the home and unpaid, which are an ongo ing concern for many British families. While the policy pledges to reward informal carers as being an asset to society, parents of disabled children are, it claims, not using local authority direct payments. However, the policy then states that many local authorities are reluctant to administer direct payments. The ambiguity of direct payments is evident when used by the middle classes who already occupy the cultural capital to secure the best care and the ability to get by any financial shortfall. In contrast, the working class, direct payments would be economic to prevent over-expenditure, thereby potentially excluding their child from all the care available. This again indicates a poststructural perspective as it demonstrates how knowledge is in fact power. When bring unneurotic with issues of guilt about hiring a stranger to care for their disabled child, psychoanalytic issues re-emerge in this mutual constitution at the individual level and at the service-user level becaus e for the carer, inflicting pain on a child in contend of treatment triggers a defence mechanism that blocks awareness of their pain, which, Mawson argues, prevents origin satisfaction. As such, as well as infantalizing clients, many caring practises revoke dignity, privacy, and autonomy to the client, affecting their personal, as care becomes a public issue(1994, p.68, in Fink, 2004, vex, p.22)..Similarly, the feminization of care is embedded in discourses of sexuality as male carers doing womens work are assumed to be gay therefore they are considered to possess ulterior motives a gender differential that affects the personal of men with potentially serious consequences. This no doubt was an issue that underpinned my first interviewees lack of success in his attempts to work with social careIt was something that always interested me I suppose, while I was working I decided to do some volunteer work and liked it, so decided that I would like to continue in the care area (Bren nan, 2008b).I went for an interview and thought I did well, () to be honest I was very pleased with myself and thought I had a good chance of getting the job, unfortunately (laugh) that was not the case, they phoned me to say that I was unsuccessful but they did offer me relief work instead which I took, from there I got my foot inside the door of tender cautiousness (ibid).Indeed it has recently been mediated that there is a stark absence seizure of male teachers within the primary learning sector, but with assumptions such as these ensuring that the negative thinking surrounding the mutual constitution of male teachers and new policies then it is not surprising. However, it is apparent that social policies on for example discipline, travel to the male teacher who is often isolated by gender referable to the vast majority being female. To be the sole person administering punishments to naughty boys has a negative impact on the personal of both the male teacher and the one be ing punished in this unofficial mutual constitution (new.bbc.co.uk).However, the feminization of care is turned on its head when adults needing care are the focus as young people and children are handily situated to take on the caring role free of displume (Fink et al., 2004).The policy highlights their plight and insists local authorities must assist, but in reality they are merely enable without any form of advert to ensure awareness of the provision, therefore little assistance is forthcoming as local authorities are keen to maintain low budgets which they depend on young carers to ensure. Furthermore, the likelihood of benefit dependency maintains material inequalities that further exclude young carers from the lifestyles of their peers. Their caring duties also impinge on education and leisure deemed by the Green Paper as essential for their early in terms of growth, socialization, mental health and their future. However, veiled threats for parents of truants and offender s are revealed if they yield to accomplish this end as the mutual constitution of social policies and the personal of young carers renders them at risk and vulnerable to attack, by definition which serves to quicken the intervention of tender Services, the irony of who, although not universal are mostly women. The issuing of compulsory parenting orders that claim to halve re-offending, can also drive children from the family home thus echoing the past.Indeed my own qualitative investigate indicates how this works in practise and demonstrates how lived experiences of personal lives is impacted upon by social policy as they become mutually constituted. For example, the sixteenyear-old resident of a care home was clearly unhappy with the way policies were implemented stating his dislike of social work intervention and his disappointment of his mother when statingYeah well the Social Worker found where I was staying and refused to allow me to stay there.. My mother agreed to a v oluntary oversee Order because they social workersare interfering so and sos who think they know what is good for me (emphasis added)(Brennan, 2008c). However, upon comminuted analysis of my explore methods I also realise that my role as a residential care worker shaped the outcome in negative ways first by declaring that employed subject-position and then by offering adviceAll I can say is that you should take what ever is out there in the way of help and make it work for you (Brennan, 2008c).Also in result to my question on the adequacy of care he statedWhat care? Staff dont f..g care (Brennan, 2008c).I replied with Now W I am sure that is not true, perhaps you feel that staff dont care by chance because it is not the type of care that you are looking for (Brennan, 2008c).While this demonstrates the need for reflexivity in terms of ensuring an objective approach is implemented by the detective putting their own feelings to one side, it is illustrative of the difficulties of conducting qualitative research through semi-structured interviews to produce an empirical and valid contribution about the social world. Even classic sociologists such as Durkheim (1964), who once claimed that an experiment produced social fact if the experiment when repeated twice produced the same outcome, was later automatic about this upon the realisation that no research whether quantitative or qualitative can ever be value-free (in Churchill, 2004, RAAB Part 3, 2004, p.55). Similarly, in my semi-structured interviews with a residential care manager his responses indicated that he was responding only in ways that did not reflect negatively on himself. This indicates that despite the best efforts of the researcher, the interviewee will only impart with what he he/she wants you to know, and not necessarily what the researcher should or wants to know. Despite this, measures are taken to prevent subjective shaping of the researcher such as in Goldsons research although again, i t can never be deemed as value-free despite his lengthy experience.Nevertheless, Goldson (2004) argues these mixed messages by the social workers and by the spoken word of children in care reveals that puerility is socially constructed towards legitimizing the tell of children. Again, this is discursively produced as two centuries ago, children were treated as adults until philanthropists and reformists hypothecate the childhood discourse through interventionist methods that removed children from the streets and dysfunctional families. They were then institutionalized, until reforms by the self-proclaimed public mother Mary Carpenter, orchestrated the emergence of institutional schools (2004, Care p.88). Prior to this there was little distinction between deprived victims in need of care, and depraved threats in need of incorporate, as they were placed together often within adult prisons (Carpenter, 1853, in Goldson, 2004p.88). Similarly, the Green Paper targets families deemed i nefficient to care adequately for children revealing how the earliest reformers constructed the idealized image of the family as a self-regulating entity.As Goldson argues, children today are constructed via inter-generational differentiation from adults, but are then further differentiated on an intra-generational level in terms of social divisions (2004 Care, p.81). The pluralism of British society problematizes any abstraction of children in ways that the Green Paper states instead they are categorise according to class, gender, and race. Goldson places the care and control theory in the context of Victoria Climb who was represented as a deprived victim who was in need of care (2004, Care, p.83). However, the language employed surrounding children shifts as textual connotations mediated in other headline constitutes children as depraved thugs in need of control (ibid). This shapes public opinion, constructs negative identities and stereotypes that decriminalize the dichotomy of deserving/undeserving and subsequent punishment. Thus, as Cohen argues, the overlapping parameters of care and control are inseparable (Cohen, 1985, p.2, in Goldson, 2004, Care, p.85).Continuing the poststructuralist view of Goldsons research argues that the institutional fix is equal for both for victims and threats in contemporary Britain (2004, Care, p.87). He focuses on the gender differentials as a disproportionate number of boys are incarcerated within youth offenders institutions towards protecting the community, whereas girls tend to go into secure accommodation towards protecting themselves, which is evident in the extracts reference the provision of childcare for teenage parents returning to education implicating that in their premature maturity resulting from caring for parents is evidence of embarking prematurely on sexual relationships (ibid). This again is discursively constructed as historically girls were locked up for sexual misconduct, revealing the heteronorm ative continuity and protectionist discourses.This is closely examined in Thomsons (2004) research on sex education within schools which takes a feminist view that girls are responsible for avoiding pregnancy as well as ensuring the sexual health of both herself and her partner (Thomson, 2004, Sexuality, p.103). The study revealed that the power imbalance between the genders discouraged the females insistence on using condoms for two reasons not wanting to gain a bad reputation and admitting that the transformation to sexual activity was taking place (ibid.). Thus risks were taken all too often.Goldsons study of secure accommodation reveals contradictory personal narratives of both those being cared for, and their adult carers. One girl admitted she would not be alive now if she had not be taken into care, while another declared she could look after herself thus they had no right to lock her up as she had coped alone for years. While this demonstrates Higgins (1988) claim that whi le the personal is unique, it is also mirrored and experienced by others, thus not an individualist phenomenon (Higgins,1998, pp.3-4 in Lewis Fink, 2004,p.22). Nevertheless, both accounts were mirrored by their respective care workers (Goldson, 2004, Care. pp.99-101). Here, control is paramount to care.A Marxist analysis of teen pregnancy would argue that lone mothers are both the consumers and producers of welfare in their provision of the future child-bearers and workforce of Britain. However, the restrictions imposed on young women today is discursively imbedded in the past as the Poor Laws of 1838 dictated in its claims that illegitimacy was indisputably the fault of the young female because continued illicit intercourse has, in almost all cases, originated with the mother (Extract 1.16, The New Poor Law View, 1938, in Carabine, Sexuality, 2004, p.39).For example, qualitative research data on teenage conceptions link poverty to teenage pregnancy (Thomson, 2004, p99). However, there was no consideration of what Bourdieu (1977) termed the logic of practice for these teenagers, as the choices they make, which make sense to them, were influenced by local cultural and social class values which may see parenthood as a sign of maturity and in many ways the only route to adulthood (cited in Thomson, 2004, p96). While the logic of practise is a convincing argument, it fails to mention how the rate of abortion for middle class girls far exceeds that of working class girls. Nevertheless, these values provided teenagers with the resources to resist, or apply excess to the aright effects of normalising social policy and their subject position within it (Lewis Fink, 2004, p23). Thus, these teenagers are active agents rather than passive recipients of policy discourse, and do not pick out this discourse that views teenage pregnancy as problematic, as being relevant to them (Carabine, 2004, p33).In contrast to the control of girls, care for boys is constructed in w ays that control as Goldsons research into young offenders institutions embraced a different discourse fear. Rape, beatings, extortion, and suicide were prevalent according to all the boys. This represents what Higgins (1988) claims that collective understanding is viewed both socially and historically which were evident in the interposition that provided understanding of their sense of self. However, the narratives of the prison officers revealed a language shift in that child abuse claims was redefined as bullying. The mutual constitution of new social policies and the personal lives of these boys were negatively impacted, exacerbated by the resistance of staff to implement the new policy that all new inmates require proper care and commission upon arrival. That it was never met, shows how the mutual constitution at the service-user level can become complex and dangerous as the staffs ability to abstract themselves from the caring role protected their own personal by actuate their defence mechanisms before crossing the public/private boundary to emancipation at the end of the working day(ibid. pp.101-5).However, as Goldson (2004) argues, a Marxist element is more than present in the discourse of care relating to children as all prisons in the last decade have been built by private corporations. Similarly the adult interviewee in my research stated thatIn the last year the number of Residential Homes have doubled, mmm new homes are enterprise every week, so therefore it will take longer to get around to inspecting all of the homes (Brennan, 2008b).This could explain the need for Goldson to bring to our attention the U-Turn regarding Tony Blairs pledge in 1999 to eradicate child poverty, which shifter two years later to how we must catch, convict, punish and rehabilitate young offenders (Blair, 1999/2000, quoted in Goldson, 2002d p.687). This being a complete U-turn also on the Childrens forge 1989 which claims that every child has the right to a happy and loving childhood within the care of their families.In conclusion, it is evident that the mutual constitution of social policy and personal lives concerning sexuality and care is experienced in vastly differing ways when applying it to children and young people. This is made more apparent through the use of theoretical perspective as it provides multi-dimensional perspectives of how policies are experienced according to various levels of diversity showing therefore how this impacts upon status and citizenship. While all these critical approaches have been applied to a variety of care and sexuality discourses, they can only produce a snapshot of the social world, however, the value of research in collective forms help us to understand in part, the epistemological and substantive nature of how social policies are constantly challenged by personal lives at the psychic, individual and collective levels including by welfare professionals at the service-user level. Social policy, wi thin the content of this essay seeks solely to enforce social control and economic gain by defining and redefining the shifting boundaries of power in its mutual constitution with personal lives. However, the claim that social policy constructs social lives is not as substantive as the very fact they are constantly evolving is due to the continuing challenge, negotiation, resistance and excess employed by personal lives no matter how miniscule.Reference ListBourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practise, Cambridge University Press.Brennan, A. (2008b) Unpublished TMA05 submitted in partial completion of DD305 Personal Lives and Social polity, The inconsiderate UniversityBrennan, A. (2008c) Unpublished TMA05 submitted in partial completion of DD305 Personal Lives and Social policy, The Open UniversityCarabine, J. (Ed) Sexualities Personal Lives and Social indemnity Bristol, Policy Press, in stand with The Open UniversityCarabine, J. (2004) Sexualities, Personal Lives and So cial Policy, in Carabine, J. (Ed) Sexualities Personal Lives and Social Policy Bristol, Policy Press, in linkup with The Open UniversityCarabine, J. Newman, J. 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In Fink, J., Lewis, G., Carabine, J., Newman, J. (Eds) Course Companion Personal Lives and Social Policy, Bristol, Policy Press, in association with The Open UniversityLewis, G., Newman, J., Carabine, J., Fink, J. (2004) Theoretical Perspectives. In Fink, J., Lewis, G., Carabine, J., Newman, J. (Eds) Course Companion Personal Lives and Social Policy, Bristol, Policy Press, in association with The Open UniversityThomson, R. (2004) Sexuality and Young People Policies, Practices and Identities. In Carabine, J. (Ed) Sexualities Personal Lives and Social Policy, Bristol, Policy Press, in association with The Open UniversityOther SourcesThe Open University (2004) CD-ROM 1 The Childrens Act 1989, DD305 Personal Narratives and Resources CD-ROM, Milton Keynes, The Open University.http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4336092.stm4,707 words with 700 extra words to assist the client with greater understanding of the wider aspect of mutual constitution.