Essay on video games violence Essay Example for Free

Essay on word-painting games violence EssayThe gaming industry greatly impacts how people, from spring chicken children to bighearteds, spend their time. According to Health Magazine (2009), 90 percent of kids aged 8 to 16 be movie games, and they spend about 13 hours per week doing so ( much if youre a boy). Whether its educational, or unspoilt plain fun and entertainment video games wear evolved greatly in the last 40 years. straight offs sophisticated games are in a class of its own with its realness and impressive graphics. With this ever advancing technology, comes better games with veridical situations. Theres no harm in playing video games for recreation. However, the problem lies within the godforsaken video games and the aggression that these video games cause in children. For years researchers and experts have reappearanced studies linking video games to raptorial behavior. Its a controversial subject, nonetheless, it shows just how powerful the touch the games have on children. To illustrate, CBSnews. com reports a story of a 17 year who bought the popular game, Grand theft Auto.In this game, the player is encouraged to do as much illegal activity and manoeuvre in as much reddish behavior as they can to be rewarded with accolades and higher points. The to a greater extent heinous the act, the higher you move up in the game. After playing this game for nine months, the 17 year old gunned down three men, two police officers and a dispatcher in a county jail, in the same style he was railed from the video game. In the kids statement to police, he tell Life is like a video game. Everybodys got to die sometime. This is just one example of aggressive behavior as a result of violent video games, but there are many another(prenominal) more cases. Childrens minds are very impressionable, and violent video games are harmful to their minds because of how interactive and realistic these games can be. According to research by child psych ologist David Walsh, as further reported in the article, violent video games can be linked to physical aggressive behavior in children because of the brain. His study revealed that the adolescent brain is not fully developed. blood-red video games have a deeper impact on a teenage brain versus an adult brain.Walsh further states, its largely because the teenage brain is different from the adult brain. The impulse control center of the brain, the eccentric of the brain that enables us to think ahead, consider consequences, manage urges thats the part of the brain right behind our forehead called the prefrontal cortex. Thats under construction during the teenage years. In fact, the fit of that is not completed until the early 20s. Therefore, since childrens mind are still underdeveloped, violent video games have a negative effect and cause children to believe aggression is appropriate.From the National Institute on Media and Family, 6 medical groups issue warnings as to the effe cts that violence has on children (1) Children will increase anti-social and aggressive behavior. (2)Children whitethorn become less sensitive to violence and those who suffer from violence. (3) Children may view the world as violent and mean, becoming more fearful of being a victim of violence. (4) Children will desire to see more violence in entertainment and real life. (5) Children will view violence as an acceptable way of life to settle conflicts. From studies to real life examples of violent behavior, video games has shown to have an influence on childrens behavior. Violent video games will not be going away anytime soon. The only solution to combat the issue of violent video games is for parents to be actively involved in their childrens free time and pull back an interest in what their children play. Once parents are informed on their decisions to allow their children to play violent video games, they will know that if choosing violence, it will have an effect on the impre ssionable child mind.Parents beware.References Harding, A. (2008). Violent video games linked to child aggression. Health Magazine. Retrieved from http//www. cnn. com/2008/HEALTH/family/11/03/healthmag. violent. video. kids/ Bradley, E. (2005). Can a video game train someone to kill? Retrieved from http//www. cbsnews. com/stories/2005/03/04/60minutes/main678261. shtml 2010. Fact Sheet. National Institute on Media and the Family. Retrieved from http//www. mediafamily. org/facts/facts_vlent. shtml.

Marx’s Theory of Alienation Essay Example for Free

Marxs Theory of Alienation EssayMarx used the possibility of mania to expose what he claimed as a highly exploitative, below the belt social relationship animate in a capitalistic system which effectively divides corporation into two opposing groups. He argued that this unfair social relationship came into world because of the concept of private property which, according to him, refers to a situation where the path of issue (such as factories and plants) ar owned by private persons. This private ownership of the means of production gave birth to the two antagonistic social classes the property owners or the capitalists and the propertyless do workers. (Alienation, n.d.) According to Marx, here lies the first alienation of the workers in a capitalist society. The capitalists own the means of production and the workers have solely their labor to address so that they could survive. Using the plants and factories at their disposal, the capitalists utilize the labor of the workers to en cryptic themselves by producing surplus value or profit. What worsens the situation for the workers is the fact that capitalists, in order to increase their profit or maximize their surplus value, are disposed to keep wages to the minimum, often barely enough for workers to live a humanely fatalityon life.Needless to say, the lower the wages paid to workers, the greater the profit for the capitalists. (Alienation, n.d.) This led Marx to assert that under the capitalist system, the that way to go is for the workers to become poorer and for the capitalists to grow richer.He cited the fact that in capitalist societies, thither is an ever increasing number in the working poor families who remain mired in scantness although every family member works, often much than one job because the wealth of the few depends on the want of the many. (Introduction, n.d.) In other words, capitalism, according to Marx, was tailored so that capitalists who control the means of produ ction should get rich and the workers, whose labor produce the coveted surplus value are shamelessly exploited. Then the workers are lost from the activity of working itself. Marx claimed that workers in a capitalist society do not work because they want to, or enjoy what they do. Neither do they work to improve their lot nor to fabricate a happier, more humane society. Rather, they work simply because they have to earn in order to live. In other words, Marx verbalize that they are forced to work implying that workers in a capitalist society are far from being happy individuals who have no control even over the course or objective of their labor.The determination rests solely on the capitalists who have already acquired control over their labor after paying for it. Since the only goal of capitalists is more profits, their only objective, therefore, is to utilize labor to gainful undertaking regardless of whether their enterprise benefits society or endangers it. Marx declared th at If greater profits can be made with weapons than with hula hoops, then that is where they provide invest their capital. In this context, workers who are anti-war are compelled to produce war materials. (Alienation, n.d.)Marx also suggested that in a capitalist society, people are alienated from one another. He argued that workers are not only forced to work under any conditions and for whatever purpose in order to survive they are also unplowed separate from one another, pitted against each other. This is because in their desire to live, they have to compete for work. In their inclination for a comfortable life, they have to practically elbow each other out for better-paying jobs. It is not only workers who are being alienated from their fellow workers.Capitalists also turn against other capitalists in their quest for profit and power. Marx said that this never-ending competition for jobs and profits favors the most ruthless, at other times the most timeserving or well-connec ted. In fact, Marx insinuated that this rat race which characterizes life in a capitalistic society is the graduation exercise of the process of the dehumanization of man. Their failure to shape society according to their needs, their desires, and their concept of civilization, completes the process because this ability to create the kind of society that they want is what distinguishes man from the lower forms of animal. (Introduction, n.d.)ReferencesAlienation. (n.d.). Order 32797436 attachment.Introduction. (n.d.). Order 32797436 attachment.

Simultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic Acid

Simultaneous Equilibria in the benzoic AcidJekathjenani RatnakumaranSimultaneous Equilibria in the benzoic Acid Toulene -Water SystemIntroductionBenzoic hot is an evocative carboxylic bitter with molecular melodyula, C7H6O2. It appe ard as colorless crystalline solid and has a fade, pleasant odor. Benzoic acid is easily available in nature and are used as a precursor to plasticizers, and sodium benzoate. Also, it inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as yeast, mold and bacteria. It also, used as an ointment to treat the fungal diseases such as ringworm and athletes foot. This benzoic acid fucking be prepared from the bromobenzene, benzyl inebriant and benzyl chloride.The purpose of this try out is to delimitate the dispersion coefficient () and dimerization constant of the benzoic acid in counterweight of methylbenzene and piss supply. The distribution coefficient can be determined by apply the distributive law which is presumptuousness by the Nernst in 1891. T his law states that distribution of the solute either solid or liquid between devil non miscible solvents1. When the solute distributes in the two non miscible solvent at constant temperature, the solute remains in twain solvent at the same molecular conditions and past, the concentration of solute in those two non miscible solvents will be equal to the distribution constant, K. In this experiment, the two non miscible solvents are water and methylbenzene. There are triad equilibrium states occur in the system used in this experiment such as distribution equilibrium, aqueous phase equilibrium and methylbenzene phase equilibrium. These three equilibria contain benzoic acid (HBz), water (W) and Toluene (T). The distribution occurs as monomer in water and hence, there is monmer-dimer equilibrium occurs in the water and toluene phase2. From the distribution equilibrium, the distribution coefficient, can be cipher by,HBz (w)HBz (T)From the aqueous equilibrium phase, the aqueous dis sociation constant, Ka is calculated as follows,HBz (w)H+ + Bz From the toluene equilibrium phase, the aqueous dimerization constant, K2 is calculated as follows,2HBz (T)(HBz)2The total concentration of benzoic acid in Toluene (CT) and total concentration of benzoic acid in water (Cw) can determine using the formula 1 and 3, they are as follows,Cw= HBzw + H+CT= HBzT + 2(HBz)2By plotting the graph using in a higher(prenominal) place formula, the total concentrations present in both water and toluene can be determined.MethodsThis experiment was conducted by following the procedure given in the laboratory manual by the department of chemistry, Trent University.Related questions AnswersThe organise of a dimer of benzoic acid is shown below, O H- O C C O- H OAs benzoic acid has phenyl separate and it is non wintry but water is a polar solvent. Therefore, the carboxyl group in benzoic acid will be harder to form hydrogen bonding with water and simplification the interactions b etween the benzoic acid molecules. Hence it does not form a dimer with water. In the case of hexane, the hexane is non polar solvent and therefore, the benzoic acid forms dimer with hexane. In the case of methanol, as it has hydrogen bonding, it is considered as polar solvent. When it reacts with benzoic acid, it does not form a dimer of benzoic acid. Furthermore, in the case of propanone, benzoic acid does not form dimer because propanone is a polar solvent.As the titrant solution is base solution, the indicator required to give pole point is phenolphthalein. The indicator used in the titration is based on the pH values of the solutions used. In this case, as solution contains benzoic acid and its titrated against NaOH, therefore, the to bring the end point, the phenolphthalein which has pH approximately 9 is used. If the titrant is base solution, then the methyl orange, which has pH 3.5 is used to identify the end point.ResultsTable 1 represents the volume of the benzoic acid, to luene and water added in the five solutions in different fractions of the volumes.SolutionsVolume of benzoic acid in toluene Solution (ml)Volume of water added (ml)Volume of toluene required to bring total volume to atomic number 6 ml (ml)150500240501032550254155035555045Mass of the benzoic acid used = 5.000 gVolume of the NaOH used= 10 mlCalculated concentration of the NaOH = 0.018 MTable 2 represents the titrated volume of the solutions against NaOH and HCl and calculated concentrations of benzoic acid in the Toluene and Water.Solution NumberVNaOH (w)(ml)VNaOH(T) (mL)VHCl (T) (mL)CW x 10-3 (M)CT x 10-2(M)Cw (1-)CT/Cw (1-)15.835.70.34.352.700.11410.003857.013025.428.90.44.052.200.11810.003576.162534.916.40.83.671.300.12360.003225.345043.010.71.62.250.920.15450.001904.842152.25.75.01.650.800.17730.001365.8823Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-) versus CT/Cw (1-).Data Analysis computationsVolume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 LVolume of NaOH, V2= 0.0058 LConcentration of NaOH, C2= 0. 015 MConcentration of HBz, Cw= (0.0058 x 0.015) / 0.02 M= 4.35 x 10-3 MVolume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 LVolume of NaOH + HCl, V2= 0.036 LConcentration of NaOH, C2= 0.015 MConcentration of HBz, CT= (0.036 x 0.015) / 0.02 M= 2.70 x 10-2 MBy using the below formula, the value of was calculated,The value of Ka for benzoic acid is 6.46 x 10-50.00435 2 + 6.46 x 10-5 6.46 x 10-5Using the quadratic formula, the value of is, = 0.1141Calculation of Cw (1-) for solution 1,Cw (1-)= 0.00435 (1- 0.1141)= 0.00385Calculation of CT/Cw (1-) for solution 1,CT/Cw (1-)= (0.0270) / (0.00385)= 7.013From the figure 1, the value of K2 and are as follows,Y = -0.1344 x + 5.8939 (intercept) = 0.134422K2= 5.8939K2= (5.8939 ) / (0.03613)= 163.13 MDiscussionThe experiment was conducted with careful consideration to get the result as close as to the real value. However, repayable to the some experimental demerit involved in this experiment, the calculated values are not close to the publications value. Th e calculated K2 value is 163.13 L/mol and the alpha value is 0.1344. The literature values are 260 L/mol and 1.49 respectively. Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-) versus CT/Cw (1-). Based on the graph shown on figure 1, the peak is falling and then raising. When the cadence of benzoic acid decreases, the amount of concentration of toluene increases. On the contrary, the value of concentration of benzoic acid (HBz) in water is higher than the concentration of HBz in toluene. In comparison with the literature value, the calculated value has deviated from it. However, the calculated percentage error is 37 %. This is considered as large difference when compared to literature values. These differences between the calculated and literature value occurred due to the experimental error. Equipments used in this experiment were used by the previous batch. As the experiment was conducted using the pre used equipments, there might be an error in the contamination. The solution that has ma de in this experiment has to be mixed well. This will provide a more complete result. Failure to do this criterion might have resulted in the failure of result. Also, the burette reading and end point notification are considered one of the errors which lead to inaccurate result. Due to these occurrences, the experiment does not turn successful and have heavily affected the final results. Moreover, the adjustment made in the water bath and less time of tutelage the solution in the water bath also might be lead to the error in the final result. Because temperature is ne of the factor affects the dissociation of particles. Furthermore, due to the weather condition (winter), temperature and pressure changes and might not favored to conduct the experiment.ConclusionIn conclusion, the simultaneous equilibria of benzoic acid presence in the water and toluene solvent was studied by conducting this experiment. In order to get accuracy of result, the precision can be improved by more att ention on the experimental procedure and handling the equipments. Also, accurate result can be made by observing the measurements such as notifying the burette reading and end point in a proper manner.ReferencesChemistry Made Simple about Nernst dispersion Lawn Metallurgy, (2009)Ellison H.R. Simultaneous equilibria in the benzoic acid-benzene-water system, A distribution experiment 48 (2) 124 (1971). DOI 10.1021/ed048p124P.Atkins and J. de Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry, eighth ed., W. H.Freeman and Co., New York (2006).Department of Chemistry, Laboratory Manual, Experiment G1- Heat Capacity Ratio for Gases, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario(2014)

Tourist Beach Resort For Extreme Sports Tourism Essay

Tourist Beach Resort For Extreme Sports tourerry EssayArchitecture now days have become very utility oriented repayable to constraints of the current times. Practicing and producing run awayal architecture is non at all wrong but the word function itself is very involuntary. Just like machines which ar proficient to do and achieve tasks for which they be programmed for but those performed tasks atomic number 18 impassive. One back toothnot dumbfound any sense of belonging to a space or architecture unless there is some(prenominal) matter more than function involved into it which provokes the homosexual senses and is capable of fluctuating human emotions and tactile sensationings. This thesis is conscious attempts to bring in functional architecture while keeping in mind the human emotions and sensory intensification. The basic target atomic number 18a is to create spaces which be not categorized by its volume and magnitude rather they should be adjudge by their s patial experience. These slips of experiences atomic number 18 critical particularly for such large-hearted of mental synthesis program involving waste of phaetonry and extremity of action sports. Incorporating human sensorial characteristic ordain not only append the drug user experience but it will alike increase the architectural character of spaces.INTRODUCTIONhttp//2bawards.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/extreme-sports.jpgMan is a hearty animal. This is a clich but explains most of the social requirements and demands of human race. Socializing is not just ab forbidden human interaction with each some other but it is also about how a person interacts with and relates to his or her environment. For most of the tribe an environments appears to become suffocating if they happen to experience the same thing over and over again. Man leads change. It may not be a unvarying or permanent change but the human psychology demands change for some time at least.This caseful o f design find and building typology is most suitable to explore the impacts of architecture on human emotions and moods and indeed apply it on spaces and over all architecture. As a tourist resort is a kind of a place where people actually come to relax, rehabilitate their energy, adore and experience something assorted. On the other hand extreme games also involve a lot of human emotions like anger, anxiety, fear and so forth So for application of the respective research, in my opinion, this building typology is one of the most suitable.Man has managed to come up with many ways to cater to his needs of changing and environment. He called it re earthly concern and leisure. in that respect are deuce types of leisurePassive leisure (minimal physical involvement)Active leisure ( optimal physical involvement)Both type of leisure facilities will be a part of program.The facility will incorporate the following water supply sportsExtreme gamesBeach resortOthers1.1-Architecture and psyc hologyIn day to day spiritedness we experience different type of situation causing different types of mood swings in us. These experiences come as a rage to us most of the time. When we get out of our routine and go to an exhilarating activity like some excursion or some stimulating sports we tend to pre determine our moods. We try to be happy and feel happy along with many other positive emotions like brandish, excitement, positive anxiety etc. This mickle be translated into architecture by incorporating an over lapping field of neurology and studying impact of architecture on human beings.In my beneathstanding architecture and building can be perceived in two waysInteractive architecture. Interactive architecture is very much program dependant. The practical aspects of the buildings are fulfilled and users movement and functions are catered then its an interactive building. At the most five human senses are considered while designing.Active architecture Every form, space, co mment, space quality has certain impact on human brain when it interacts with 5 senses.-this is where interactive architecture ends. So we can say every space , form, color has an action on a user . A person reacts to it and hence EXPERIENCES THE TRUE SPIRIT OF THE SPACE.1.2-Objectives and aimsTo call down architectural experience through sensory fluctuations (Anxiety, Calmness etc) in user using spaces, space formation, colors, textures, high gear and other architectural elements.To translate the dynamics of extreme sports in the building form.To provide a b high passagecast to people to enjoy and experience such activities for the first time in Pakistan.1.3-Need Of the externalizeHelp in catering and improving the tourism foundation of the country.Studies show that if such spaces and activities are not provided to the youngsters they can fluff themselves in negative activities.(explained further in the next heading)Required in the urban framework infrastructure of the second only city of Pakistan which is being master planned and this type of activity place has already been marked by the development authorities.Why do people play extreme sports?To get the effect to this question two qualified psychiatrists from CMH were interviewed namely D.Sana Naimat and Dr.Imtiaz Mubasshir.According to them people who are bored of life ordinarily need a kick though everybody has a different genetic structure. They tend to have a wise behavior if they require a change and they dont get it. Endorphins (hormones which actually makes a person feel computable about his own self) are released at a certain heart rate after a person gets a kick according to his or her own genetic structure but usually the kick is in the form of an extreme behavior ,be it ecstasy, suicidal behavior or extreme sports. volume tend to deal stress in different patterns usually by changing their environment. Sometimes these patterns are adaptive and sometimes these are maladaptive.So it can b e concluded that extreme activities on the unit are a part of human nature and many human beings have the urge to do it in come in to act normal and stay calm in daily life.Clients briefFor this project the client is The Ministry of Sports and Culture , Government of Pakistan along with a multinational company. At present Red dogshit in collaboration with Yamaha and Caterpillar showed interest in the project and presented a feasibility report to TIE. nominate SupervisionThis project is to be executed in the 3rd phase development of Gwadar which will borrow place around year 2030. Currently the first phase is almost complete in which the road and other infrastructure of the city is laid out. In 2nd phase utility oriented facilities are to be planned and constructed and in 3rd phase recreation and large scale institutional projects are to be authentic and constructed. The client is Ministry of Sports and Culture and it wishes to create a platform for action sports in Pakistan wher e main and major extreme sports can be played and experienced on one platform under one roof. The project would be under the supervision of GDA(Gwadar development authority).The client wants to execute this project in Gwadar because multinational companies find the projects adequate for the city because of its thriving and hopeful future prospects.USERThe target user for this project is the youth and tourist of the country who enjoys scenic views, nature, and adventure, and likes to deal with challenging situations.Social ObjectivesThe intent of this project is not only to promote this new form of sports but also to promote and facilitate the tourism of the country. Gwadar has deep sea port and when it will be properly and fully functional it will at long last attract tourist from all over the world and this type of project fits and indirect request the urban fabric of the city. It will also become a social spot for the city and the locality.The site falls in the tourism zone (acc ording to the master plan of Gwadar) of the city and this area will become a focal point of tourism and recreational attraction not only for the citizens of Gwadar but also for people coming from other areas and countries.The main aim is to summon the youth under a roof to experience thrill sporting activities in safe and monitored environment under proper supervision. By providing safe environment accidents can be avoided which happen because of the reckless behavior of youngsters seeking thrill on roads. Different level zones are provided for amateurs and professioals so that every adult and child can enjoy the facility according to his or her say-so. The thrill seekers will not have travel to different places to enjoy the thrills of rock climbing on mountains or to the sea shores to enjoy water sports, people no more need to go to urban centers to enjoy the street sports like skate boarding and bmx stunts. This facility has it all under one emblem.Other than generating touris m and sports activities it will also help in strengthening local economy. These sporting events bring all sorts of people together and hence it helps developing some cultural trends and it also helps in promoting a countrys image in this age where world is now a world-wide village.Site LocationSite is location on the Shore of Gwadar Sea in the tourism development zone. Site is towards the west of Koh-e-Batil and on the south of Pishukan road which leads towards the pishukan town towards padi zar.FeasibilityIn the current scenario the trend in the world and specifically in Pakistan is to develop lavish real estates. A project like this are part of overall development and compliments the current trends of real estate development. In the pursuit of profitable development, leisure and entertainment has to be catered for. There is a high need of development of places for healthy communal activities for the public, specifically the youth of Pakistan to bring out their full potential.Scop e of workDeveloping a master plan.Experimenting with different type of spaces in order to facilitate different emotional and sensory experiences of a person.Other than the feasibility of the project according to the social context, this project is also a live project and is a part of the master plan of Gwadar developed under the supervision of GDA (Gwadar development authority) .Gawadr , A broader perspectiveGawadar is said to be the next mega polis of Asia .Its warm waters and other potentials are reason for its hardcore progress. Gwadar is spread over an area of aprox.1.52 million hectares or 15,216 self-colored kilometers.Gwadar is surrounded on the north by Kech and Awaran districts, on the east by Awaran and Lasbela districts, on the south by the Arabian Sea, and on the west by Iran. Geographical position of Gwadar has major standing in the global trade routes. Sea routes leading to Gulf estates and eastern hemisphere of the world passes along Gwadar.Gwadar has all the trans lucent elements required for this project. It has a very massive water front which is a fatal requirement of this project. It also has scenic views all around it which can be very nicely incorporated into a tourist resort.8.3-Land Use, Master Plan Phase-I GDADescription Land AllocationLand for Residential Projects 90,500 the three estates(Extendable)Land for Commercial Projects 2100 Acres (Extendable)Land for Recreational Projects 13,500 Acres(Extendable)Land for Industrial, desalination plants, Airport, Railway Linkages, and Urban facilities.45,000Acres(Extendable)*Source GDAAs it can be seen in the master plan that the area selected for the project is near to the area allocated for tourism development. It is an advantage which will be fruitful for the facility.In their report about Gadar SMEDA (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority) statesDistrict Gwadar as a coastal area has rich marine life and present viable opportunity for ecotourism. The district has full clear beaches which can be an attractive place for tourism. Kund Malir, Daraan, Asthola Island, beaches of Jewani, Guns and Ormara are some of the most beautiful tourist beaches.Asthola Island is located at a distance of 150 kilometer from Gwadar tehsil. It is aninternationally recognized wetland and has numerous species of aquatic creatures.Hingol National Park is the largest natural forest of Asia, coastal highway run for 55 kilometers in the scenic mountains of this natural forest. Hingol National Park is also one beautiful tourist sight Wild life creatures like tigers, Ibex, goats and monkeys are found in this sight.At present, 6 hotels and resorts are operating in Gwadar, a major break through in hotel and tourism industry is the formula of a 5 start Zaver Pearl Continental Hotel at Koh-e- Batill, opposite to Singhar Housing Scheme in Gwadar.Potential exists for development of tourist resort and motels, seafood restaurants, country pose and beach sports recreation facilities. Ecot ourism sector can be developed to its potential in Gwadar district as the number of tourist from Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore has remarkably increased due to the construction of coastal highway.There exist a very good opportunity for setting up country parks and other recreational facilities at Gwadar, there is great gap of amusement facilities in Gwadar, and the population requires recreational facilities, easy to mobilize large number of visitors to the facility and spending capability of people of the area.8.4-Road NetworkThe creation of the Gwadar deep-sea port is now one part of a larger growth plan which includes construction of a system of road and rail network linking Gwadar with the rest of Pakistan, like the 650 km Coastal pathway to Karachi and the Gwadar-Turbat road (188 km). This system of roads links with China via the Indus Highway.8.5-Development Projects OmanOman has proposed $100 million support for the growth of participation and infrastructure amenities in Bal ochistan. From that $100 million, Oman has given $7 million for the runway at Gwadar Airport, building of jetties, constructionof Gwadar Hospital, stipulation of 100 engines to fishermen and for building a power house. Oman is also sponsoring infrastructure of Gwadar-Hoshab Road.8.6-Air PortGwadar has a vast airport for commercial airlines. There is a need for the extension of the airport and improvement of its landing rape to accommodate the landing of larger commercial aircrafts.8.8-Strategic Importance of GwadarCUsersAdministrator.Admin-PC.001Desktopthesissite1.JPG

The Green Revolution: History, Impact and Future

The commonalty whirling History, Impact and Future proves ar an essential segmentation of lives on the planet and a crucial source of economic prosperity for al to the highest degree eery(prenominal) country. They proffer directly or indirectly almost entirely the solid food of man and animals. They as well as supply industrial raw material, for instance, timber, paper, rubber, overlaps for the chemic industries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as starch, sugars, oils and fats, heartiness in the form of fuel wood, starch and sugars which atomic number 18 sources of ethanol, methanol, etc., and broad numerous valucap adequate to(p) drugs, fragrances and other fine chemicals. Plant growth also has a massive influence on environment. Beca expenditure of all these roles, Policymakers should be continually developing policies for the use of plants to protect the earths environment and to f are the growing populations.(1)The Historical Phenomenon ( parkland revolution)The term Green Revolution has begun to be used in 1960s refers to the renovation of agricultural practices by some Third World countries, particularly in Asia and Latin America, beginning in Mexico in the 1940s. Because of the use of high- conk outing varieties (HYVs) of chaff and rice which increase food place yield. Green revolution technologies ranch worldwide in different terms as agricultural revolution and seed-fertilizer revolution, which guide to a important increase in the amount of calories disclosed per acre of agriculture in 1960s.(light green, H2)The green twenty-four hourss of the Green Revolution (History and Development)In 1970 the American botanist, Norman Borlaug, Director of the Division for wheat berry Cultivation at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center or CIMMYT in Mexico, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He was honoured for having set in motion a worldwide agricultural development, later to be called the Green Revolution (light green). In the 1940s, N. Borlaug began conducting query in Mexico and developed new illness exemption high-yield varieties of wheat. By combining Borlaugs wheat varieties with new mechanized agricultural technologies, Mexico was able to produce more wheat than was needed by its own citizens, leading to its becoming an exporter of wheat by the 1960s. Prior to the use of these varieties, the country was importing almost fractional(a) of its wheat supply.(net)Due to the succeeder of the Green Revolution in Mexico, its technologies spread worldwide in the 1950s and 1960s. The United States for instance, imported about half of its wheat in the 1940s but after using Green Revolution technologies, it became self-sufficient in the 1950s and became an exporter by the 1960s.(net)A renovation of the history of the Green Revolution shows that the international agricultural research institutes played an important role in progressing of using Green Revolution technologies. Such as, in 1959, the CIMMYT i nstituted in Mexico, which was founded by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, and the Mexican disposal provided the land. Also, in 1960, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Manila, which was joint effort of the Ford and Rockefeller Foundation Several more international institutes were established and funded by government agencies as the World Bank and the US Agency for International Development ( regular armyID). later that, in 1971, all the international agricultural research institutes were brought under the umbrella of the Consultative Group on International agrarian Research (CGIAR).(4)The development was based on the genetic improvement of particularly productive plants. Borlaugs so-called miracle wheat doubled and tripled yields in short period of time. Similar increases were soon achieved with maize and, at the (IRRI), with rice (IR8) that produced more food grain per plant when grown with irrigation and fertilizers.(2)The success of the newly developed s trains appeared limitless. They were introduced in several Asian countries in 1965, and, by 1970, these strains were being cultivated over an area of 10 million hectares. Within three years, Pakistan ceased to be dependent wheat imports from the United States. Sir Lanka, the Philippines, and number of African and South American countries achieved record harvests. India, which had just avoided a severe famine in 1967, produced enough grain within five years to support its population, and became sensation of the worlds leading rice producers.(2) Despite the success of the Green Revolution in increasing yields per hectare in India, this success has largely bypassed Africa. The reasons for this include the fact that both wheat and rice are relatively unimportant basic crops in Africa that Africas main staples of maize, sorghum, millet, and cassava vex experienced only modest productivity gains and that Africas infrastructure is non sufficiently considerably developed to support sig nificant agricultural changeThe witness of the Green Revolution (Plant Technologies)Agricultural engineering science development can be caliberised as passing from primarily land- cogitate technologies, through automation to bio-chemical technologies (associated with new varieties and relatively large amount of agro-chemicals). It is now moving towards a bio-technology phase. (green p 72)The crops developed passim the Green Revolution were high yield varieties (HYVs), which means they were domesticated plants in high response to chemical fertilizers and produce more grain per plant when grown with irrigation.( H2)They were insensitive to photoperiodicity and matured in about one hundred ten days rather than 180 days it was thus possible to grow two or compensate three crops in a year. The yield authority of these varieties was greater in the temperate regions of Asia and in the dry season in the monsoon region than in the humid tropics, because of the grander hours of sunshin e and hence the greater potential photosynthesis available to the plant. (H2)The terms often used with these plants that make them successful are harvest index, photosynthate allocation, and insensitivity to day length. The harvest index refers to the above ground weight of the plant. During the Green Revolution, plants that had the largest seeds were selected to create the most production possible. After selectively action these plants, they evolved to all devour the characteristic of larger seeds. These larger seeds then created more grain yield and a heavier above ground weight.This larger above ground weight then led to an increased photosynthetic allocation. By maximizing the seed or food portion of the plant, it was able to use photosynthesis more efficiently because the energy produced during this care for went directly to the food portion of the plant.Finally, by selectively breeding plants that were not sensitive to day length, researchers like Borlaug were able to doubl e a crops production because the plants were not contain to certain areas of the globe based solely on the amount of light available to them.Benefits Criticism (Consequences of the Green Revolution)Agricultural development thinking in the 1960s and 1970s was preoccupied with the problem of provisionsing a rapidly increasing world population. Then, the obvious solution was to increase per capita food production. The resulting green revolution has had a dramatic impact on the Third World, particularly in terms of increasing the yields of the staple cereals wheat, rice, and maize. However, disrespect impressive success, it also suffers from problems of equity and failures in achieving stability and sustainability of production.( 5 After)Since the 1940s, the fossil fuel-based Green Revolution has greatly increased the production of a few selected commodity grain crops such as wheat, corn, soybeans and rice, achieved through high-input, monoculture cropping practices. The unmotivate d consequence of thisGreen Revolution experiment is that the focus on chemical crop fertility inputs, blighter protection, and weed control has increased toxicity in the environment and degraded the planets finite soil and pee resources (Khan et al. 2007).Worldwide, 1.9 billion hectares are significantly degraded. Soils are less fertile, erosion has greatly increased, and breakdowns in agro-ecological functions have resulted in poor crop yields, land abandonment, and deforestation. (IAASTD 2008)Furthermore, chemically-based conventional farming methods lead to human health risks. Pesticides have dishonored wildlife, poisoned farm workers, and created long-term health problems such as cancers and birth defects (Lichtenberg, 1992).Even in the U.S., more than half of the nations drinking water wells contained detectable amounts of nitrate and seven percent have detectable amounts of pesticides. (US EPA 1992) in that location is a significant health risk from pesticide residue on t he foods we eat. Conventionally grown food in the heavily regulated United States has 2/3 more pesticide residue than ingrainedally grown food. As soils on organic farming systems continually rid themselves of pesticides from prior industrial agricultural practices,the pesticide residue good luck between conventional and organic will grow even larger. (Delate et al. 2006 Baker et al. 2002). Preschool children in the Pacific northwestward eating a conventional food diet had eight times the organophosphorus pesticide exposure compared to children of parents who provided organic diets. (Curl etal. 2003 Lu et al. 2005) In countries with little or no regulatory enforcement, the situation of passel eating food colly with pesticide residue can be much worse. A 2008 research review commissioned in confederacy with the United Nations and prepared by 400 world experts and signed by 57 nations strongly excretes industrial farming as a viable approach to address problems of soaring foo d prices, hunger, hearty sleaziness and environmental degradation in the developing world. (IAASTD 2008). Around the world, one- to five-million farm workers are estimated to suffer pesticide poisoning every year, and at least 20,000 die annually from exposure, many of them in developing countries. (World Bank Bangladesh Overusing Pesticides in demesne January 9, 2007) The United States is burdened with an estimated $12 billion annual health and environmental cost from pesticideuse, (Pimentel et al. 2005) and estimated annual humanity and environmental health costs related to soil erosion of about $45 billion (Pimentel et al. 1995). only if the damage transcends environmental soil loss. What cannot be economically calculated is the cost of destroying future generations ability to produce enough food for their survival. When all costs are calculated the Green Revolution is not cost-efficient. composition centralized, industrial agricultural methods reduce labor costs by substit uting herbicides, insecticides and synthetically-produced fertilizers as well as farm machinery for application and crop maintenance, the energy costs are much higher than in organic farming systems. The negative consequences of the Green Revolution led the 2008 United Nations research review to strongly reject industrial farming as a viable approach to address problems of soaring food prices, hunger, social injustice and environmental degradation in the developing world. (IAASTD 2008)Second Green revolutionNew bioengineering can affect every stage of plant life. Rapid biotechnology tests for contamination by crop disease organisms and for seed and crop fibre controls allow for safer and more efficient crop breeding is probable to play an important role in securing the future supply of food. straddle germplasm improvement by the addendum of new genes has been the goal of plant breeding since the beginning of agriculture. New efficient genetic variety methods could check at in creasing plant performance and plant resistance to virus and other disease, as well as to drought, salt, arctic, heat, etc. They could also enlarge the land resource basis available for agriculture. Genetic modification might become the most important contribution of biotechnology to plants. From 1982, when the first single gene was successfully transferred, progress has been rapid several dozen plants have since been restrict in the laboratory.(1)Broad-scale implementation of innovative technologies, such as hybrid breeding and plant biotechnology, would go a long way towards increasing and securing the harvests of our most important crops. For example, varieties of crop plants whose resistance to drought or extreme temperatures has been strengthened through gene technology or by other means could contribute to securing the harvest in the face of climate change. Researchers in the Australian state of Victoria have run successful field trials of genetically manipulated wheat li nes that are capable of delivering stable yields under conditions of water tune. In the 2006/07 season, drought in Victoria destroyed an estimated 70 percent of the wheat harvest. The German Association of Biotechnology Industries (DIB) expects the first drought-tolerant wheat variety to be brought onto the grocery store in five to ten years. For maize, this could happen in two to five years. Authorities in the USA have already received a registration application for drought-tolerant maize. Plant biotechnology is also in all probability to contribute to a resource-efficient increase in the productivity of food from animal horticulture. In future, ruminants might be fed more easily-digestible grasses with modified fructan and lignin contents. This would reduce the amount of climate-damaging digestive gases they produce, and at the same time, increase energy yield.Increasing income levels in developing countries mean that more and more people expect to be able to consume animal-de rived foods, so this type of efficiency gain is essential if the environmental and climatic impacts of animal husbandry are to be kept under control. The twin pressures of climate change and dwindling fossil energy resources will propel agriculture to the forefront in supplying the worlds population with renewable energy and sustainable supplies of raw materials. Forecasts indicate that between 20 and 30 percent of the agricultural surface might be dedicated to producing biomass by 2025. It follows then that this area will either be lost to food production or at best only available to a limited extent. This means that biomass production also desperately needs innovative approaches if the conflict between the tank and the plate is to be relieved.Need of other revolutionThe argufy facing the world today is to provide food, fibre and industrial raw materials for an ever growing world population without degenerating the environment or affecting the future productivity of natural reso urces. This challenge is even more pressing in developing countries, where FAO estimates that a total of 925 million people are undernourished in 2010 (FAO SOFI report 2010).The industrial Green Revolution has not, and cannot, feed the world. Instead of helping people feed themselves, it has created a cycle of dependency. In a world of 6.5 billion people, experts project that the world food supply will need to double again over the next 40 years to feed our planets population.Based upon the heavy use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation, the industrial Green Revolution worked only as long as fuel was cheap and water was abundant. The transitory benefits of increased short-term food production have come at too great an ecological price as carbon is extracted from the soil and emitted as global-warming carbon dioxide in our air instead of remaining in the soil to nurture crops. Petroleum-based fertilizers and chemical pesticides have also polluted our water and poisoned our environm ent, food, and people.ConclusionIt is sometimes said that the Gene Revolution will change the Green Revolution. But this will not happen until and unless this mechanism enables breeders to produce dynamic gains in generations of varieties. Until such time, the Gene Revolutions GM products can only complement conventional Green Revolution breeding. This complementarily takes the form of installation static GM products on the dynamic generations of varieties produced by conventional Green Revolution methods.* The Roundup Ready product produced by Monsanto has been installed on approximately 1,500 soybean varieties produced by 150 seed production companiesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been introduced in the agricultural system and on the market of consumer goods in the last 10-20 years, initially in the USA but also increasingly in developing countries. Since the discovery of genetic engineering, with its potential to modify DNA of living organisms, discussion and contro versy have been abundant 1,2 both cited in 3. Europe has witnessed a particularly strong resistance to the introduction of GMOs in agriculture and for consumer food products, both from consumers, national governments and from the EU. The reality objections had numerous causes, including the concerns about the risk assessment, the ethics and equity issues, power relations and the mistrust of technocrats and public authorities. The resistance in Asia, Latin America and North America has been generally weaker than in Europe, although some authors have sonant scathing criticism of the US governments and the industrial lobby for abusing famine in Africa to foster the spread of GM food to developing countries 4.In response to the criticism, the European governments have attempted to improve the risk assessment methods and its scientific basis, and to tailor public policies to the growing demand for transparency, accountability, and public participation.( second revo ref2)Major issuesConc erns about the introduction of GMOs in crops and in food concentrate on four mutually overlapping areas environmental concerns public health concerns ethical concerns about tampering with nature and individual choice and a combination of ethical and socio-conomic concerns related to the issues of patentingC) Improving plant breedingIn vitro and other biotechnologies help to reduce the time-consuming and expensive process of producing, growing and evaluating large numbers of plants. Included are molecular genetics for paid identification of worthful genes, new methods for hybrid seed production, and plant propagation and tissue culture.D) Improving plant productionCrop performance in the field, defined as yield, depends upon numerous factors, including environment, soil type, agronomy, external factors such as pests and disease and the plant properties themselves. Genetic modification of plants or micro-organisms can modify these factors, leading, for example, to better plant morphol ogy , stress resistance, and biological fertilisation, as well as pest and disease control, which reduce chemical inputs into agriculture.Improving Plant ProductionCrop performance in the field, defined as yield, is a very complex character and is affected strongly by environmental factors, soil type, external agents such as pests and diseases, by the quality of agronomy and husbandry as well as by the properties of the plants themselves. Biotechnological methods can lead to increased yield by creating plants with attributes that optimise exploitation of specific environments.Plant characters frequently in need of improvement by exploitation of new genes in breeding programmes development drought tolerance, Increase salt tolerance, Increase cold tolerance, Increase heat tolerance, Increase disease resistance, Increase pest resistance, Herbicide tolerance, Increase nitrogen utilisation, Increase acid/alkali tolerance, Increase metal tolerance, Modified day length responses, Modified vernalisation responses, Increase photosynthesis/external respiration efficiency.

Drama Essays Women in Comedy

dramatic event Essays Wo custody in waggeryThe Changing Role of Women in Comedy.How has frivolity amongst 1950 to 2000 been aimd by pistillate performers to highlight the oppression and objectification of women in community? What imp personation has this had on the contemporary fe manful cockeyed of today? entry management OverviewChapter One A Sense of the measuremid-fifties1960s mid-seventies- mid-eightiesChapter deuce Womens Sense of reek of humourChapter Three Issues in tog up Comedy creation a WomanTraditional G understructureer ExpectationsAggressiveness grammatical g polish offer and muliebrityIssues of Power and ControlModes of Stand-up ComedySelf-Deprecation in Womens HumourSelf-deprecation in the work of Phyllis Diller and Joan RiversThe domestic goddess Conclusion The 1990s and beyond The Future of Women in Stand-up ComedyReference List foundation garmentComedy is a form of expression which stretches and ab show up(predicate)(predicate) terms delays boundaries. It crosses in totally told kinds of boundaries, including those of gender. It unless(prenominal)tocks be risky because it ofttimes ridicules kind and object lesson conventions in a way that challenges and threatens accepted norms, threatening the status quo. This is particularly squargon(a) of womens harlequinade.This paper go forth examine the way that comedy has been used by fe phallic performers during the catch from 1950 to 2000, foc apply on the themes of oppression and objectification of women in purchase order. It will also analyze the ways in which the experiences of these five decades be in possession of modify contemporary feminine comedians.Chapter One gives a general overview of apiece decade, to exempt the political and social climates of that time as a framework for examining the changes in womens roles. Included will be founts of different women comics whose experiences best champion selected formulas of that time frame.This will be c ome aftered by an analysis of what people lowly when they talk of a sense of sense of sense of biliousness what, exactly, is a sense of mental capacity? Do women view as a different sense of humour than men? Most of the literature roughly women comics touches on this interview on approximately level some of the literature goes into a neat deal of depth. This is much(prenominal) d 1 to suffice to the assertion that has been made, repeatedly over the old age, that women male pargonntt have a sense of humour. This statement has been made n proterozoic much by men. However, this same assertion has at times been leveled ( oft in an accusatory manner) by women toward former(a)wise women.Chapter One A Sense of the TimesA. The Decade of the mid-fiftiesThe decade of the 1950s was a time of great change. Britain was entering a head of increased affluence and freedom, and many of the virtuosotime(a) social and cultural structures began to be challenged, particularly by the young. In Hollywood, as healthy as throughout the United States and North America, post-war directiment lingered on and mingled with the confusion that accompanies times of great change.In some places, such as Britain, this turmoil was exemplified by a tendency to pull away from orb religion. In the United States, this period was an era of economic growth blend with a sense of conservation. At the same time, there depended to be a professed belief in the aged value however, this belief was tinged with doubt. According to one scholar, the professed belief was mixed with a sense of unease that maybe the mature determine no longer held all the answers (Sova, 1998, 106).According to critics Linda Martin and Kerry Segrave, the portrayal of women during the 1950s was generally considered to be negative. Women actors and performers were n wee typecast as dumb, ugly man-chasers or some image thereof (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 203).Some nonable performers of comedy of this period let in Judy Holliday, Lucille Ball, Phyllis Diller, and Joan Rivers. Blond comedian Judy Holliday, who had been appearing in films as early as the 1940s, act to so do in the 1950s. She even managed to sustain a film comedy star in the 1950s, a movement that even Lucille Ball did not manage. Sova asserts that Holliday went for the laughs in an innocent manner, something which worked well for her in the 1950s, that which did not work for Ball either past or later (Sova, 1998, 120121).Holliday and Ball were similar in that they both(prenominal)(prenominal) played both straight drama, and because switched over later on to a comedic format. Ball, however, was not a larger-than- conduct presence on the silvern screen, and she failed to attract the kind of interest that Holliday did. Hence, she never reached stardom on a cinematic level. Still, Ball is perhaps a more than long-familiar name, even to this day. She went on to revolutionize television with her comedy partner and husband Desi Arnaz. In so doing, it may be said that Lucille Ball set the standard for what was whence a fairly new genre, the situational comedy.Phyllis Diller is an separate(prenominal)(prenominal) comedian who became know during this period, and has remained known to this day. Diller transcended comediennes of the day, if not femaleness itself, by announcing her arrival in the mid-1950s in the most outlandish manner imaginable, asserts a contemporary of hers. He goes on to pick out her entrance onto the stage She landed onstage like a wingless goony bird wielding her cig bette holder, piercing the nightclub air with her wild squawk, all beak and beady chicken eyes, and dressed in a deliberately garish getup (Nachman, 2003, 216).Susan Horowitz points out that Diller came out of the 1950s, a period which stressed and exaggerated awakerole differences (Horowitz, 1997, 50). In pass onition, it is significant to utterance that at the time Diller entered the profession of come dy in the mid 1950s female comics were practically non-existent. Commenting on her public life as a whole, Horowitz asserts that both Dillers subject matter sex appeal and domestic competence and the manner in which she handles it self-deprecation are Dillers comedic ca-ca on the unimaginative 1950s adult female (Horowitz, 1987, 62).This decade also ushered in Joan Rivers, who is decipherd by a colleague as arriving upon the scene with forked tongue and modify talons. . . she bit and clawed her way to comic success and has clung to it for dear life (Nachman, 2003, 592). Rivers comedic approach has been described as a jolt of contrasts her rapid-fire manner of talking, combine with her wide variation of topics, kept her earreach members on their toes.Her comedic style is a lot attributed to background she drifted between social classes, never feeling truly homelike in any one category. Horowitz has described her as both an insider and an outsider, posh and dclass t he private school student whose family cannot pay the bills the fuddled celebrity whose act mocks the elite the elegant lady who talks about furthermostts and pooping (Horowitz, 1997, 93).Yet not even the most outrageous comedy act could compete with television. The growth of this televisions favoriteity had a strong pertain on e really aspect of inn. Television had really quickly operate more popular than receiving set, replacing it as the favorred form of merriment in the home. In addition, more and more people began to have television sets in their homes. The proliferation of television brought with it a change in style. Martin and Segrave let off that where radio relied on women mangling the language, television, in keeping with its visual record, relied more on forcible sight gags to convey dumbness. Thus, this period hall gibeed the combination of the dumb, blonde, buxom pigeonhole. At least(prenominal) on television, as opposed to radio, women were able to articulate understandably (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 204).B. The 1960sThe movement away from the conservative fifties began and continued throughout the turbulent 60s in America. Revolutionary ways of thinking spread rapidly, and true change transformed the cultural fabric of American life.During this decade, consumption continued in Britain, but had constrain less connected with utilitarian needs, and more to do with status and comfort. For women comics, however, the first half of the 1960s was one of the least productive in their history. Although in Hollywood the film industry was open up more for women, the field of comic stand-up seemed to be at a standstill. Martin and Segrave do point out that there was at least one positive image in American humor to agreeable the new decade. This one exception was Elaine May.Elaine May was an example, and she represented what women could accomplish when condition a fair and equal opportunity. May, according to Martin and Segrave, provi ded a sample of what was to follow as more and more female comics cast off the old images and stomps and broadened and extended their place in the field of humor (1986, 206). What was noteworthy about Mays performance is that she did not try to look ugly, the way so many women comics of this period seemed to do. In addition, she did not rely on self-deprecation the way other female comics did. She and Nichols shared an equal partnership another rare thing at this time. Ordinarily the woman would play a foil to showcase the other, male, part of the duo.Among the comics who started to become know during this time, one was carol Burnett. According to Martin and Segrave, Burnett represented a performer who straddled the line between liberty and submissiveness (1986, 308). This was no easy task, given the hostile climate the world of comedy offered women. Horowitz points out that Burnetts style at this time was marked by self-deprecation Burnetts self-deprecating humor was typical of c omediennes of the late 1950s and early 1960s, and it served to soften audience resistance to the notion of an assertively funny woman (Horowitz, 1997, 69).Dave Tebert, the man who ran the talent department at NBC in the early 1960s, comport a firm stand that women were given the same opportunities as men, but that they were not self-assertive complete or forceful enough to deal with the drunks and hecklers often found in the audience (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 18).In addition, Bob Shanks, the talent coordinator for the Paar show, made an begin to find female comics. Over a three-year period, however, he interviewed 500 women alone twenty of them were considered grievous enough to pass. He commented that the wit was missing or that the women lacked quickness of retort (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 19).Comedy was performance arising from skill and wit, and performance was a male role. whimsical girls would not be asked out on dates assert Martin and Segrave (1986, 19). organism popular in school, having a date to the prom, creation seen as attractive and gentle these qualities were valued in young women and girls. Being clever and witty let out qualities for a comic, were not valued. There, most women of the time felt that given a weft, comedy should be submerged.When men make clever jokes at womens expense, they may be considered great, insightful comics, assert Martin and Segrave. On the other hand, women who do the same at the expense of men may be tagged such derogatory terms as ball-busters or man-haters. In fact, women are not even safe poking fun at other women. They are considered anti-female or catty citing Joan Rivers as an example of this (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 20).C. 1970s1980sThe 1970s was a time of gradual change. According to some, the decade of the 1970s was one of slow but steady growth in the morsel of women entering or reentering facets of the film industry that had been closed to them for decades (Sova, 1998, 153).Laugh-In h adhit the airwaves at the end of the 1960s, and once it was firmly entrenched, it showcased a variety of women comics. In fact, it was the first time that so many comedians had so much exposure since the days of vaudeville. Laugh-in helped a number of comics to get exposure and start careers. Among these were Goldie Hawn, Ruth Buzzi, JoAnne Worley, Lily Tomlin.Lily Tomlin brought some fantastic skills to the industry through her intelligence and creativity. She did this through the creation of new comic characters. In addition, she was able to perform several well-received stage concerts. Her film career has been less successful this may be partly due to the unforesightful selection of roles she has been given.The opening of the Womens Movement in America in the late 1960s and early 1970s of course had an effect on women in comedy throughout the United States and Britain. Comedians who began to appear during this time include Bette Midler, Sandra Bernhard, Madeleine Kahn, and Mar ilyn Sokol. Laugh-In continued to display women comics. In addition, shows like Shows like Saturday Night pull through and SCTV helped start the careers of such comedians as Gilda Radner and Andrea Martin.The 1980s did not see much improvement. Comediennes with anything to say were being labeled hostile or too mannish (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 312).The most phenomenal rise, however, was the unprecedented number of women who had begun to appear in comedy clubs as stand-up comics. These new women comics dealt with womens issues, such as fashion, menstruation, weight, hygiene, being single, sex and relationships. These topics were often part of the self-deprecating humor that continued to mark womens humor through the remainder of the century.During this time, it should be noted that very few minority women appeared in this profession. The great exception was Moms Mabley, who managed to overcome especial(a) obstacles in gaining acceptance in the world of primarily white male entert ainers.Chapter 2Womens Sense of Humour In their 1986 volume Women in Comedy, Linda Martin and Kerry Segrave assert that female comics are a rare commodity. The explanation for this, they assert, lies in the commonly held belief that women are only not funny they dont laugh at jokes, nor do they create them.To support their assertion, Martin and Segrave describe a magazine article written in 1951. A author named Robert Allen wrote an article about women and humor for Macleans. Allen bemoaned the fact that women never seemed to know when to laugh at a joke, or they often failed to laugh at all. He claimed he had experimented at home, and that he used different kinds and different styles of humor, but that his subjects never seemed to get the jokes. To be fair, he said he tested people outside his own home, including a variety of other females. Still, he got the same results with that group.After all this, he stated that the only completion he could draw was that women have no sense of humor (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 16-17).It is evoke to note that it never occurred to Allen that he might be the one who was not getting it. It also interesting to note that Allens article was considered classic enough to eventually make it into Readers Digest as a condensed piece but this did not happen until thirteen years later. Considering the fact that most Readers Digest condensed articles appear in spite of appearance months of the original publication, a lag time of thirteen years is preferably remarkable. As Martin and Segrave suggest, this illustrated perhaps the timelessness of the idea and the need to present it over again in a different decade, to a new audience just at a period when the image of the female comic was beginning to be liberated (1986, 17).The humorist James Thurber, writing contemporaneously with Allen, wrote a piece in which he addressed an anonymous Miss G.H., who had sent him some unsolicited comedy genuine. He responded to her material by s uggesting that she become a bacteriologist, or a Red-Cross nurse, or a Wave, like all the other girls.The most scathing criticism at the time, however, came from a woman. Sarel Eimerl wrote in a November 1962 issue of Mademoiselle that a woman who really makes one laugh is about as easy to find as a pauper taking his Sunday brunch in the Edwardian Room (Martin and Segrave, 1986, 17).It appears that in the 1950s and beyond, women were thought mostly by men, but also some women to be lacking a sense of humor. That belief has not been all in all eradicated to this day. In her essay Gender and Humour, Lizbeth Goodman analyzes the following joke from Banks and bustlings 1987 book on comedyQuestion How many feminists does it take to screw in a light bulb?Answer Thats not funny.Goodman goes on to explain that although the idea of the joke is simple, that there is a great deal more going on. This joke is, in fact, an example of an accessible and non-valorized form of social critique, whi ch functions as a mirror of the values of the dominant culture (Goodman, 1992a, 287).It is also interesting to note that this joke is familiar to us. It has been repeated any number of times in recent years, each time with some detail changed. Often the change is in the choice of target. Different minority groups may be featured as the target, depending on the context of use of the telling. Therefore, the teller of the joke is implicitly stating that women, too, are a minority. According to Goodman, that women are singled out as a minority group, despite the majority of women in society, is indicative of the male bias of society and its values (Goodman, 1992a, 288). Horowitz points out that, like other groups that have suffered discrimination, women are classified as a minority group by affirmative action programs however, impertinent ethnic minorities, women are a numerical majority (Horowitz, 1997, 8).Goodman also points out that the fact that women are so ofttimes targeted in jokes in Hesperian culture is significant in itself that women are so often the shadower of jokes in western culture says a great deal about that culture. It reveals, for example, that the jokers are usually men. It also reveals that the listeners are deeply immersed in the patriarchal culture. In fact, Goodman takes this a step further. She points out that the listeners are steeped in the patriarchal culture to the extent that certain types of responses are gendered for instance, loud joke as opposed to quiet hand-over-the-mouth giggles (Goodman, 1992a, 288).another(prenominal) way to analyze this joke, Goodman suggests, is to take into consideration the fact that the value of the joke does not lie solely within the joke itself. Rather, its value depends on other factors. One of these factors is the context of the telling the other is the interpretation of the hearer. She cites Adrienne Richs 1979 reinterpretation of the joke, explaining that doing so requires an sense of the c ontext of the jokes production and an ability to decontextualize the joke mentally (Goodman, 1992a, 288).By doing this, the joke can be interpreted in such a way that it is not an insult to women, or an insult to feminism. Instead, it becomes a critique of the simplistic notions that are commonly held about women in society and especially about women who are feminists.This ultimately brings us to the rhetorical question about women and humour do women have a sense of humour? Linda Naranjo-Huebl answers this in the affirmative. She also includes an explanation of how this humor is different. One of the common findings of all the gender and humor studies is that there does in fact exist something that can be identified as womens humor, she asserts. She then explains that it is a unequivocal form of humor, characteristic of and arising from womens experience that serves distinct communicative functions associated with that experience (Naranjo-Huebl, 2005, web).Linda Naranjo-Huebl ass erts that the stereotype of the humorless female has stubbornly persisted, reinforced by studies concluding that women use humor less often than men. She puts forth three theories to explain why this stereotype has persisted for so long.The first explanation has to do with womens use of language. Women are generally brought up to be polite, and the language of humour is often impolite. In addition, humour tends to be aggressive, and women have traditionally been demoralised from expressing any sort of open aggression.The second explanation for the continuation of this stereotype is that much of womens humor has been either censored or misinterpreted (Naranjo-Hueblo, web). That is to say, women do have a sense of humour, but it has largely gone unrecognized a situation which is still being rectified today.Not only have examples of womens humour been censored and misinterpreted, but also the methodology of the studies has frequently been flawed. The methods used, primarily those cre ated by men, tend to favor male forms of humor. The results then falsely prove that women lack a sense of humour.Naranjo-Hueblo explains one such study, in which 250 undergraduate business students from a major university were asked to answer questions regarding a supposed(a) situation. The situation consisted of the students pretending that they were with a colleague the colleague is carrying a briefcase which absolutely becomes open, resulting in paper flying all over the place. The students are then asked how they would respond would they ignore the episode and keep on walking? Would they assistance the colleague by stopping to help pick up the papers? Or would they tease the colleague or in some other way express humour? Each student was allowed to choose only one response.As one might expect, the majority of men chose to respond with humour, while the majority of women chose to help. This creators of the study assumed that one couldnt be helpful and humorous at the same t ime. Furthermore, it led them to conclude that women did not have as great a sense of humour as men. Naranjo-Hueblo points out the choices do not include the possibility that women may be humorous about the situation as they are assisting their colleague. Furthermore, another job with the study is that it posits humor as a one-line quip in a slapstick situation, which is not womens preferred form of humor (Naranjo-Huebl, web).The third cogitate women have been found to lack a sense of humour is that humour has largely been defined by men. Women find humour in different sources, often preferring word jokes and puns as well as stories, whereas men prefer much more derisive forms of humour. It has always been more acceptable for mannish styles to influence feminine ones, rather than vice versa. . . The mightless take on the trappings of the powerful (Horowitz, 1997, 9).Chapter Three Issues in Stand-up ComedyBeing a womanTraditional gender expectationsAggressivenessSexuality and Fem ininityPower and Control IssuesModes of Stand-up ComedySelf-Deprecation in Womens HumourSelf-deprecation in the work of Phyllis Diller and Joan RiversThe domestic goddess A. Being a Woman As stated earlier, comedy is a form of expression which stretches and sometimes breaks boundaries. This is very true in the case of stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy ridicules the norms of society. It challenges convention, and it questions moral views.in particular has a tradition of ridiculing moral, social, and political conventions. The stand-up comedian is frequently considered as existing on the fringes of mainstream society. For any stand-up comedian, male or female, a number of factors come into play when they are in front of an audience. What race are they? What is their ethnic background? What is their sexual orientation, or what does it appear to be? Are they disabled, and is that uncomfortable for the audience member? When you add gender into the mix, it becomes that much more unpredicta ble. The reaction the audience gives to a female stand-up is much different to the one they would give to her male counterpart. The audience seems to expect a man to be funny. When confronted with a female stand-up, they fend off judgment until she can prove that she is funny.B. Traditional Gender ExpectationsTraditional gender expectations are also a very important issue for women comics. ceremonious definitions of lady-like behavior are an obstacle. Conventional definitions of what it means to be feminine or to act lady-like are incongruent with the often-inappropriate behavior of women in comedy. This is particularly true of such forms of comedy as stand-up routines. In stand-up comedy, women comics cannot be passive and demure on stage, for this behavior will not heighten laughter. Instead, they must be aggressive, sometimes loud, and frequently un-ladylike. They must completely break with accepted social conventions.Bucking these conventions is difficult for a number of reas ons, not the least of which is economic profit. Gender expectations are reinforced, especially by mainstream corporate media, because they are tied into money. The objectification of women is a central factor in the sale of commodities, another pillar of the competitive system (Sakeris, 2001, 227). Women comics by definition break barriers and declare convention. By so doing, they present a number of different challenges to mainstream society, and especially to that portion of mainstream society which will ultimately suffer financially.In addition, notes Sakeris, the ghettoization of womens work and the provision of necessary, but unpaid, labor in the home all supported by our processes of gender socialization are central to a capitalist economy as well (Sakeris, 2001, 227).C. AggressivenessAnother aspect that must be considered is the aggressiveness involved in stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy can be viewed as an aggressive act. In the attempt to elicit laughter, it can be said that the comic is trying to manage control over her audience. Thus, it can be seen as a power struggle. Because of the power associated with the successful use of humor, humor initiation has become associated with other traditionally masculine characteristics, such as aggression, dominance, and assertiveness. For a female to come into a clown or joker, then, she must violate the behavioral sit normally reserved for women (Naranjo-Huebl, 2005, web).This is in direct opposition to the passiveness that society traditionally expects of women. To get up on stage and act crisply is something that goes against traditional norms and is therefore suspect. Being female means acting demurely, being subservient while remaining unobtrusive. When a female gets up on stage and performs as a comic, she is aggressive, actively engaging the participants, and demanding for attention.Womens humour is frequently interpreted as a challenge. This is naturally due to the aggressive nature of stand-up c omedy, especially in an audience, which will most probably be comprised primarily of men. Too much aggression can be modify in the best of situations. When too much aggression is exhibited by a female, the threat is compounded. It can appear to males that this female interloper is trying to contact what they think of as their territory male territory. This can be fateful for an act, eventually for a career.As several researchers have pointed out, comedy is an aggressive activity, and it requires performers to be hard and women are not supposed to be hard. Being pervasively nice is not conducive to comedy which requires satire and ridicule. Women who do break through into comedy are branded with all sorts of sulfurous labels, such as strident, dyke, or frustrated (Martin and Segrave, 20).D. Sexuality and FemininityAnother issue, and one which is vitally important, is that of grammatical gender. Even if she is not talking about sex in her act, this is an issue. The question of a womans sexuality and her sense of femininity are undeniably central issues to the professional woman comic. What is the tie between comic appeal, sex appeal, and our notions of what is feminine? Mother, virgin, prostitute these are the social roles imposed on women. The characteristics of (so-called) feminine sexuality derive from them the valorization of reproduction and nursing faithfulness modesty, ignorance of and even lack of interest in sexual enjoyment a passive acceptance of mens activity seductiveness, in order to arouse the consumers desire while offering herself as its material support without getting pleasure herself (Irigary, 1985, 63-4). Some would go as far as to see parallels between the act of standup comedy and the act of sex. For example, Horowitz asserts that sexuality can be loving, mutual vulnerability as can comedy (Horowitz, 1997, 12). Horowitz and others have suggested that there is an intimacy in the relationship between the comic and her audience th at is not unlike the intimacy between lovers.There are varying levels of frankness in different stand-up routines. This may be seen as mirroring the sexual frankness of the male stand-up comedian. However, it is accepted less easily. As Horowitz points out, female comics are expected to go far but not too far (Horowitz, 1997, 17).E. Power and Control IssuesHumour is often used as a means of controlling social situations. In a highly volatile set of circumstances, humour can often defuse the threat by helping to ease the tension. By using humour this way, dangerous explosions of temper can be averted without forcing confrontations. Yet since the end result is the same the situation is brought to a halt by nonaggressive means this also means that humour exerts a kind of power. The kinetics of power are complex and can be difficult to negotiate.These dynamics are further complicated when it comes to the case of self-deprecatory humour. The comic may seem to be relinquishing contro l by taking her own inadequacies and flaws and displace them out there on public display.

How To Do Gram Staining

How To Do universal gravitational constant spyingObservation of microorganism infra microscope open fire be improved by victimisation real dishes and techniques such as the cracking. Staining is an grave graduation to observe microorganisms more clearly, to differentiate between microorganisms as tumefy as to differentiate parts in microorganism (Bagyaraj et al, 2005). The acknowledgment, morphology, somewhat extra carrellular and intra boothular components of microorganisms back be determined and detected by the staining. Many microorganisms difficult to be discover nether microscope due to their pale appearance and semitranspargonnt properties as their refractive index almost homogeneous as surroundings (Patil et al, 2008). The stain improves contrast for visualizing microorganisms. Staining process push aside be explained either as physical, chemical answer or conspiracy of the both(prenominal) reaction.There argon different types of staining such as the s imple stain, differential stain and special stain. Simple stain screw be used for observing indisputable basic structures as easily as the shape of microorganisms. Differential stain bandage toilette be used in distinguishing between different types of microorganisms. Special stain on the early(a) hand can be used for identifying specific structures in the microorganisms such as the flagella (Frey Price, 2003). gravitational constant-stain is one of the normally used differential stains. The constant of gravitation-staining process discovered in 1882 (published 1884) by Hans Christian thou, a Danish bacteriologist and plays an important role in the classifying the bacterium. gee-staining is usually the initial step in identification bacterium and can be used in characterizing bacteria. Bacteria species can be separated into twain large groups, which are the constant of gravitation- haughty and disconfirming groups through the Gram-staining (Sridhar Rao, n.d.). This process too important in clinical lab such as to examine and identify bacteria responsible for certain diseases.Staining process requires the preparation of touch that contains a thin floor of bacteria. The preparation of smear involves splaying and fixing of microorganisms on the microscope slide. Use of smear prevents microorganisms from being washing away with stain (Vasanthakumari, 2009). Besides the smear, there are four important components in the Gram stain process, which are the principal(a) stain, mordant, de color inizing agent as well as the counterstain that used in sequences. The prime stains usually basic dishonor such as vitreous silica over-embellished that reacts with venomousic component of cell and powers all the bacteria to be blot with the crystal imperial or purple. The other soil the analogouss of the methyl radical purplish can also be used. The other component, mordant in the Gram stain refers to iodine. Mordant is chemical that increas es relationship of the stain to the microorganisms and also their coating, making certain structures thicker for easier observation under microscope. The decolorizing agent decolorizes dye from cell that already being dye (Rajan, 2005). The degree of decolorization different in bacteria depends on their chemical components. De wringization agent commonly refers to ethanol or other tooth root like acetone or mixture of acetone and ethyl alcohol. Counterstain while is a nonher basic dye that important in endowment new colour for cells that decolourized. Counterstain can be the safranin (used in this practical) or the carbon fuchsin.The Gram stain (differential stains) overhauls different colour for different types of bacteria. The colour is the one that determine whether the bacterium is Gram confirmatory or Gram negative. The Gram imperative bacteria resist decolourization and give result of crystal violet or purple colour (primary stain). Gram-negative bacteria decolorize an d give red or pink colour as it takes up counterstain (Ananthanarayan Paniker, 2006). The difference in result is due to the differences in the cell smother structure or composition of bacteria that causes the different in the reaction with the series of reagents in Gram staining (Talaro, 2007).Preparation of Staining Reagents quartz glass violetSolution A vitreous silica violet 2.0gEthanol, 95% (v/v) 20 mlSolution B Ammonium oxalate 0.8gDistilled body of water supply 80 mlSolution A and B mixed.Mordanttincture of iodine 1.0 g kibibyte iodide 2.0 gDistilled water 300 mlIodine and potassium commix with mortar, distilled water added during blending until iodine fade out.Decolorization solventEthanol, 95% (v/v)CounterstainSafranin 0.25 g 2.5 %(w/v)Ethanol 10 ml 9.5% (v/v)Distilled water 90 mlMaterials deoxyephedrine slideEscherichia coli in ancestry agri kitchen-gardeningEscherichia coli in agar-agar gardeningBacillus sp. in broth cultureBacillus sp. in agar cultureStaphyloc occus aureus in broth cultureActinomycetes sp. in broth cultureActinomycetes sp. in agar cultureKimwipeBunsen burnerDropperDistilled waterInoculation loopProcedurePreparation of smearFor culture taken from liquid medium (broth), 1 drop of culture to be examined was transferred by using inoculation loop onto a slide and spread to from card smear. For culture taken from solid medium (agar), one drop of distilled water stolon dispensed on the slide. The single colony then spread on the water to form circular smear.The slide was passionateness-fixed with flame.Gram-stainingThe slide was fixed on the rack.1-2 drops of crystal violet was dropped on the smear and left for 2 minutes.The crystal violet was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds.Iodine base was dropped and left for 2 minutes.The iodine solution was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds.The smear was decolorized by washing with ethanol (95%v/v) for less than 10 seconds. The ethanol then rinsed off with dis tilled water for 10 seconds.Safranin solution was dropped on the smear for 10 seconds.The red-coloured safranin was rinsed-off with distilled water.The side was dried using Kimwipe or air-dry.The slide was observed under the microscope.Results(A)Escherichia coliGDCIM101NIKONDSCN1773.JPG1(a) Broth culture (zoom in).1(b) Agar main office (zoom in).Figure 1 Microscopic scope of Escherichia coli under total ebullition of cd- from different culture(B) Bacillus speciesGDCIM101NIKONDSCN1745.JPG GDCIM101NIKONDSCN1738.JPG2(a) Broth culture (zoom in).2(b) Agar plate (zoom in).Figure 2 Microscopic image of Bacillus sp. under total exaggeration of cd- from different cultures.(C) Staphylococcus AureusGDCIM101NIKONDSCN1767.JPGFigure 3 Microscopic image of Staphylococcus aureus under total magnification of 400- from broth culture (zoom in).(D) Actinomycetes speciesCUsersmichelleDocumentsUMS MICROBIOLOGYPHOTOSS1.JPG GDCIM101NIKONDSCN1760.JPG4(a) Broth culture (zoom in) under total magnificatio n of 400-.4(b) Agar plate (zoom in) under total magnification of 400-.Figure 3 Microscopic image of Actinomycetes sp. under different magnification from different culture.Table 1 The result of Gram stain on different microorganismType of microorganismsShape of the microorganismsColour varnished on microorganismsGram positive or Gram negativeEscherichia coli (broth culture)Bacillus or baculiformPinkGram negativeEscherichia coli (agar plate)Bacillus or rodlikePinkGram negativeBacillus sp. (broth culture)Bacillus or baculiform loftyGram positiveBacillus sp. (agar plate)Bacillus or Rod-shapedPurpleGram positiveStaphylococcus aureusCoccus or round-shapedPurpleGram positiveActinomycetes sp. (broth culture)MycelialPurpleGram positiveActinomycetes sp. (agar plate)MycelialPurpleGram positiveDiscussionFor every bacterium studied, a smear is first prepared as the smear enables Gram staining to be through without washing away bacteria together with stain. The spreading process (for both brot h and agar culture) enables the distribution of bacteria on slides so that suitable density of bacteria can be tack on the slide. This increases lot of individual bacteria to be observed under microscope (Port, 2009). The microorganisms from agar first suspended in distilled water before spreading. Without spreading, bacteria may be too concentrated, crowded and overlapped (in clumps), making the observation to be difficult. The slide was waken fixed after drying. Heating enables coagulation and precipitation of protein of bacteria to occurs, consequently fix the bacteria on slide. The bacteria killed and adhere to the surface. Fixation makes the bacteria rigid, immobile, increased permeability and affinity to staining. This also prevents the autolysis process of bacteria (Aneja, 2003). During the fixation process, slides non be placed directly above the heat or passed through too many times as heat may causes changes in the shape and therefrom cause the distortion of the mic roorganisms. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, less heat supplied may cause the microorganisms do not fix firmly. Before heat fix, the slide is allowed to dry completely as wet bacterial suspension may create aerosol (Shimeld, 1999).The bearing of water may also cause over heating.The crystal violet added as the primary stain. Crystal violet is basic dye and has affinity for cell structures that are acidic such as the protoplasm. Crystal violet is added to stain everything on slide or to stain all bacteria (Gram positive or Gram negative). This is same for all the seven samples. Crystal violet dye enters the cells and stained with crystal violet colour. It was suggested that the aqueous dye dissociated into CV+ ion and chloride, Cl- ion (Hussey Smith, n.d.). The positively charged ion binds to the negatively charged components in cell after penetrating the cell smother and cell membrane, hence giving the purple colour. The extra crystal violet dye that not binds to cell is clea red by distilled water. Addition of iodine in next step enables the crystal violet dye to further fix and adhere to organisms (Medical facts of life Division, 2006). This is due to the formation of complex between iodine and dye ion (CV-I complex) as the negatively charged iodine ion (I- or I3- ion) binds to the positively charged ion of dye (CV+ ion) in cytoplasm and hence bacteria appeared as violet colour (Vasanthakumari, 2009). The solubility of the dye decreased during the process as the ions bind to organisms. Iodine acts as mordant as it increases affinity of crystal violet stain to organisms.The addition of 95% ethanol as decolourizer enables the lipoide to be extracted or dissolved from the cell beleaguer for the Gram negative bacteria like the Escherichia coli. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane that constitutes most of the cell wall, also known as lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) in cell wall (Clark et al, 2009). This is a lipid bilayer structure that differs from cytoplasmic membrane. This layer not only made up of phospholipids and protein, but also polysaccharides that not commonly found in cytoplasmic membrane. Polysaccharide portion made up of core polysaccharides and O-polysaccharides while the lipid portion made up of lipid A which then bind to the core polysaccharides. This LPS layer is located away(p) a thin layer of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane gives rises to high lipid composition in the cell wall. Decolourizer dissolve off lipid, hence increases the permeability of cell wall which eventually enables the crystal violet-iodine complex to be confounded together with the lipid.The cell wall (murein layer) of Gram positive layer while has no outer membrane but have thick, cross-linked and multi-layered peptidoglycan. Teichoic acids, the phosphorylated polyalcohol can be found embedded in peptidoglycan layers. These acids can be found bonded to muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan. Lipoteichoic acid which refers to the tei choic acids that binds to the lipids of membrane can also be found in Gram positive bacterial cell wall. In certain actinobacteria, structure called mycolic acids also can be found. The lack of outer membrane gives rises to low lipid composition in cell wall. Hence, the action of decolorizer on Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp.) causes dehydration of cell wall due to the thick peptidoglycan and the composition of lipid available to be dissolved is low. This eventually decreases cell wall permeability, closing pores on cell wall and hence retain the crystal violet-iodine complex inside (Differential staining The Gram Stain, n.d.). As the cell shrinks, the complex trapped in the thick peptidoglycan and hence cells do not decolourized. After this process, E. coli is in colourless as the crystal-violet iodine complex loses while Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. still in purple colour.Ethanol was not added for more than 30 seconds. Over decolourization can cause the stain of Gram positive bacteria to decolourize and appears as Gram negative (Betts et al, 2003). Under decolourization (too short) also avoided as it can cause dye to be removed incompletely from Gram negative bacteria. Both situations can give false results. After decolorization, smear was washed with distilled water for 15 second to completely stop the decolourization process. The counterstain, safranin solution then stained the E. coli that is colourless with the red colour. Safranin is basic dye (cationic ion) carry the positive dye ion, chromophore that attached to acidic cell structures (negatively charged) such as the protoplasm. raw material dye also attached to other negatively charged macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acid (Archunan, 2004). Both the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria took up the counterstain but the colour of Gram Positive do not change much as it already stained with purple. For every dye, there is different period of time for staining. This is to prevent over or under stain that may results in inaccurate result.From the observation, Escherichia coli stained red and give accurate result of Gram negative. The shape of E. coli can be observed as rod shape. Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. while shows results of Gram positive as all are stained with purple colour. The shapes observed are respectively rod-shaped, round-shaped and in mycelial. For Staphylococcus aureus, the cocci shape is sticked together in clumps or amorphous sheet and not separated. For E. coli, bacillus sp. and staphylococcus aureus, two samples are taken, one from the broth and one from the agar. Both the samples show the same results. The difference is on the amount of microorganisms observed. Bacillus sp., for example, that taken from agar plate is very crowded. This is because the each colony taken contains a number of microorganisms. It is more difficult to be observed the shape of the organisms. However, the colour stained can be observed clearly. For the broth culture, individual organisms and the shape as well as the colour can be observed more clearly. deductionGram staining is important in differentiating Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in which the Gram positive bacteria stained purple colour while Gram negative organisms stained pink. Escherichia coli is Gram negative while bacillus sp., staphylococcus aureus and actinomycetes are Gram positive bacteria.