Farmers dbq Essay Example for Free

Farmers dbq EssayIn the late nineteenth century, twenty years after the Homestead Act, farmers used their land in the western plains to produce both crops and profits. The farmers of this time disputed in the agricultural way of life by facing frugal and political obstacles that were impossible to avoid, requiring them to do something about their complaints. Although the farmers had plausible arguments for most of their criticisms, their beliefs of the silver standard and overproduction sometimes could not be backed up. However, farmers continued to struggle between inevitable issues like the currency tilt, constant debt and rising costs.The debate over United States currency was a huge obstacle for farmers to overcome because they were in direct relation to the money crisis. In 1890 and 1892 with the Ocala and Omaha Platforms, farmers wanted free and unlimited specie of silver so they could pay off any debt. A graph showing United States Population and Money in Circulation in 1865-1895 (Document C), shows how after a period of less money in circulation in the 1870s was resolved in the 1880s by the Bland-Allison Act which was later replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890.Both of these acts were passed in Congress to provide free coinage of silver. The reasoning for the silver standard in the Populist platform in 1892 (Document A) was justified by the same reasoning as William Jennings Bryan in his Cross of florid speech. Both describe how the conspiracy that the gold standard is better because England still uses it questions why America became an independent nation. However, the farmers still remained defeated on the currency debate because of the gold bug president gaining control of mooring.One of the biggest struggles for the farmers was not being able to pay off debt. They borrowed extravagant amounts of money from the bank at lavishly interest rates, but this complaint was reasonable because one could not be a farmer without taking these risks. During Grover Clevelands second non-consecutive year in office a horrible four-year depression occurred called the Panic of 1893. This panic was caused by over speculation in the stock market and over expansion of railroads both of these decisions do by the eastern president, Cleveland.As depicted in A Farmers Voice, a Chicago newspaper, (Document D) an eastern leader, Cleveland, takes his western slaves, the farmers, to the courthouse because the farms have been foreclosed. Farm foreclosures, a twenty percent unemployment rate and the cause for Cleveland to return to the gold standard, were effects of the Panic of 1893. Ultimately, this depression added to the unavoidable obstacle of debt.

Studying Abroad Essay Example for Free

Studying Abroad EssayHaving a strong studyal activity is the best way to ensure a good future and fulfillng dreams. Therefore, I note it is important to pursure my higher studies and put on decided to study abroad, in particular. I have applied for this scholarship and chosen my major for the following reasons to gain education of high quality, to get better employment opportunities, and to learn more about other cultures. The first reason for choosing to study IS is to gain education of high quality. As we all know, Europe is famous for the education that is provided by its strong universities, best professors, successful educational systems and methods. Graduating from prestigious colleges or universities like that is often regarded as an doing in itself. Furthermore, a degree from a good foreign university always adds up to ones resume. Secondly, due to the lack of specialists in this major in my country, it is considered an advantage for me to have chosen to study IS bec ause it will result in getting better employment opportunities.With the knowledge that I get from studying in such a field and applying ehat I have learned, I will have an added advantage over others. Last but not least, it is an exciting advanture to study out in a completely new enviroment. It will enable me to mature quickly and develop independence. For instance, joining the university will be the first experience to adjust to lie withlihood away from family and friendes.Though there will be many difficulties like culture or lack of proficiency in laguage, Ill learn how to live on my own and look after myself after overcoming them. In conclusion, my desire to study abroad is based on getting best level education in the world, being offered better job chances, and experiencing new things. However, it does not mean that one can get this knowledge and experience just by passing game abroad to study. He / She must choose carefully which college to study in, and struggle for what he/she is longing for to improve oneself and ones country.

Competitive Advantage In The Banking Industry

Competitive Advantage In The Banking IndustryOnline curseing is a self overhaul technology that is pulmonary tuberculosis by nodes of the bank to carry issue in real time activities much(prenominal) as, payment of bills, check account balance and conduct funds. It is worthwhile to note that online banking target be used to reduce cost for banking institution. For instance Hernandez-Murillo et al (2010) suggest that the cost of a customer doing online banking transaction, in a brick and mortar bank in the United State is more or less whizz percent of the cost of the customer using the traditional banking method.Esser (1999) reported some of the advantages of online banking to the customers. The findings wereCustomers fucking easily manage their accounts as they can access their accounts any time of the day. The customers do not excessively need to visit the bank premise to crave for services such checking loan rates, view their transaction history etc.Customers can set up a standing order to pay bills and can withal schedule new bills or stop payment of bills, when the need arise but this is subject to availability of the lucre.Specialised services such as ordering for checks, changing user profile or address can all be done through the online banking.Messages are sent to customers via encrypted email.It should however be noted that the use of internet by bank is not seen just as an innovation and a convenient way for customers to use banking services, but also as a way to make more profit and to reduce operating cost for the bank (Arnaboldi and Claeys, n.d.).Internet banking services are expanding rapidly in the developed countries mainly due to the availability of computers and easy of access to the internet. Its adoption is developing countries was at a slower pace, until recently when banks in developing countries are offering internet banking against the limitation they face (Jenkins, 2007).Another noteworthy point is that online banking ca n also act as a disadvantage to banks, for instance a troubled bank that has low deposits and could not for borrow from the interbank, when the news of the banks distress leaked out, most the customers withdrew their deposits through the internet without facing the issue of queuing in the banking hall and theory time (Janson, 2009). This could not have been possible without the online banking facility.Customer gaiety is affect by several factors that can hinder or improve the adoption of online banking by the customer. One of these authoritative factors is personalisation, which demands politeness, courtesy, and friendliness from the employees of the bank toward the customer (Simmers et al, 2008). However, the self-service technology has made a remarkable change in the way the bank interacts with its customer (Simmers et al, 2008).Most of the look fores on online banking explore the factors touch on the adoption by banks. The focus of their look fores were on the usage of onlin e banking by banks as a reaction to the adoption decisions of the industrys competitors (Hernandez-Murillo et al 2010).Hernandez-Murillo et al (2010) dissect the factors that determine the adoption of online banking by banks in United States during the period 2003-2006. The Multimarket Contact index was used by these researchers as a change of the strategic force required by banks to adopt online operations as a competitive reaction to the rivals actions. The authors results suggest that strategic consideration plays an important reference in the adoption of online banking by geographically localised market.Tan and Teo (2000) base their study on studying the factors namely, attitudinal, neighborly and behaviour control, that affect customersthe adoption of online banking in Singapore. The theories of planned behaviour and diffusion of innovations were used by the authors to evaluate their hypothesis. The authors argue that the consumers attitude, his subjective norms and his se nsed behavioural control, all contributes towards his adoption of online banking.Amin (2009) examines the factors affecting the acceptance of online banking by people in Malaysia through the use of a technologically accepted model called a linear retroflexion. He propose through the study that the qualities, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived credibility and social norm were statistically important while perceived enjoyment was not important.Another factor affecting the adoption of online banking by customers is security of the account accessed through the internet. For customers to feel secure and make use of online banking, the bank must offer online security systems that protect customers assets and breeding (Smith, 2006).The research to examine the intensity of the dissemble of online banking on the financial performance of community banks carried out by Acharya et al (2008), both sampling and statistical procedures were used to build a broad online bankin g index. The basis of their study was on analytical frameworks which used both the structural equation modeling (second-order factor analysis) and multiple regression analysis.Internet banking seems to represent a possible means of allowing new entrants into the banking industry (Arnaboldi and Claeys, n.d.). Smith (2008) uses Porters five force model to probe the competition within sell banking in an increasingly financially troubled environment. In his analysis where used data from 22 banks, Smith suggests that the barriers to entry identified may not keep considerable number of entrants into the banking industry. He also observed that the true competition amongst banks may be found in the differentiation of their internet banking products.The paper is ground on an exploratory research for a sample of nine banks from each country, a web survey is conducted to collect data for each internet bank using an analytical framework based on a three dimensional model.Both the advancemen t in technology and change in social trends, such as the subjoin in customers preference to perceived convenience, have caused a high reorganisation of the financial institution. Banks have to re-examine their marketing strategies and also prompt growth in the adoption of self-service technologies (SSTs) (Loonam and OLoughlin, 2008).Very little research has explored the role of SST in a high concernment service such as that of financial investments.Customer satisfaction with banking services was researched with respect to their interaction with human and technology. It was discovered through the use of multiple regression that consumers overall satisfaction is predicted to be influenced more by human rather than technological encounter (Haytko and Simmers, 2009). While consumers show they are displeased with failure in transaction that involve a bank employee, they tend to accept responsibility for any kind of failure they come across during or after the use of online banking and may keep back its usage (Haytko and Simmers, 2009). It should however be note that the focus group used in the research by Haytko and Simmers were students who already has high proportion for the internet. Liao and Cheung (2008) employ the use of service quality (SERVQUAL), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and transaction cost analysis to measure customer behaviour to the use of online banking. In their empirical studies, half dozen elements of SERVQUAL namely, usefulness (USE), ease of use (EOU), reliability (REL), security (SEC), responsiveness (RES) and continuous improvement (IMP) , were used to relate to consumer satisfaction in internet banking services (CSIBS). The study wasLaukkanen et al (2008) provides more insight to barriers erected by bank customers to the adoption of online banking. The researchers split the non-adopters of online banking into three groups namely the postponers, opponents and rejectors. They suggest, through survey papers submitted by some customer s of banks in Finland, that psychological barriers are higher determinant of resistance to adoption than ease of use and its value.Bauer and Hein (2006) carried out another research to gain more knowledge about the consumers point of view in the adoption of online banking. They use micro-economics theory of consumer utility maximisation to model how consumers make decisions on adopting online banking.Simmers et al (2008) relatively examine how the impact of the human services and those provided by technology affect the consumers satisfaction. The authors through two studies both use the six-item and five-point Likert scales conclude that human encounter was initially more important than technology encounter until the convenience of banking online prevailed. The first study was carried out through the survey of some undergraduate students, with most of those that responded between age 19 and 21 years. The second study was carried out with as survey of 153 bank customers at the univ ersity, with most less the 24 years of age.It could be seen from these studies that students who have higher affinity to the internet are used for the two studies. It should also be noted that the research is carried out in US, but will most bank customers in UK score convenience higher than online banking security?Joseph and Stone (2003) investigated the customer perception of the impact of technology onservice delivery in the banking sector. According to the findings of this research . . .high scores on the ability to deliver service via technology appears to be correlatedwith high satisfaction with services deemed most important to customersHence, availability of internet banking services appears to be veryimportant for banks for customer satisfaction and retention. However, availability ofinternet banking services itself is not a sufficient factor to increase customersatisfaction. User friendliness of the internet banking services appears to be animportant factor for customers t o use these servicesResearch has been carried out on performance of the internet as an alternative or complementary channel used in delivering some bank services, like current accounts. For instance Gondat-Larralde and Nier (2004, cited by Arnaboldi and Claeys, 2008) carry out a research on the competitive process in the UK market for personal current accounts between 1996 and 2001. The rate at which the market shares changed with respect to cost differentials between the brick and mortar banks and the direct banks that use the internet and telephone to operate. The results of the research point to the significance of customer switching cost as a strike determinant of the competitive process in banking industry.Mukherjee and Nath (2003) suggest note that the physical separation between the bank operation internet service and the customer recruit an environment of insecurity. The authors develop a structural equation model, called Lisrel, and through empirical test carried out on 510 internet users in India.Nearly all research work refer to the US banking system and research attempts on the performance of online banking are few (Arnaboldi and Claeys, n.d.).IBM (2005) identify three shortfalls of customer satisfaction researches, the first one is that enough attention is not paid to the different behavioural segment customers belong, the research usually take a general view of the customer base. The adjacent one is that most of the researches are not analytical as they fail to show the impact the different elements of the customers experience might have on the grade support and emotional link. Lastly how customer satisfaction is measured is a poor forecaster of to future behaviour of customers.This research differ from other studies in that it will be carried on banks in UK and as there are little research done on the use of online banking as a gumshoe competitive advantage in the banking industry. The author will survey focus groups made up of bank custom ers in UK will be use to analyse the reason for adoption of online banking and finally the evaluation of satisfaction derive by the bank customers. Qualitative data analysis research will be

Impact of The Children’s Act 2014 on Child Healthy Eating

Impact of The Childrens Act 2014 on Child Healthy eatThe Childrens Act 2014In 2003 a g all overnment hatch delegacy was launched in England and Wales. ECM (every child matters) was in response to the death of Victoria Climbie.Victoria Climbie was an eight years old girl who was tortured and murdered by her guardians. Victoria didnt have a healthy life style which led to her tragic death. A public enquiry was led and major convinces had taken behind in child protection policies. Although her guardians were charged, new laws would cerebrate at that place would be no repetition in the future.The five points for every child matters.Stay goloshHealthEnjoy and achieveEconomic head beingnessPositive constructionECM covers those with disabilities (up to the age of 24), children and untried adults (up to the age of 19.)A healthy lifestyle is making ones take life happy. Its not just eating healthy viands and exercising but includes mental and social benefit. A healthy lifestyl e is very important for both adults and children. If p atomic compute 18nts eat, sleep and live healthy then the children pull up stakes acquire the same habits which undoubtedly will racecourse a child to grow up healthy and happy. It is as well the right of every child to be able to live a healthy lifestyle in order for them to achieve positive outcomes in their future.In order for a person to live a healthy lifestyle and prevent inveterate illness, they should aim to eat healthy food, exercise regularly and maintain a healthy BMI.ExerciseFor healthy growth and development of babies, toddlers and preschool being physic eithery active agent is very important for their health and to prevent illnesses.Exercising is very important to maintain a healthy lifestyle for both children and adults, if p arnts integrate into their own lives this will then follow through to the future generations.BabiesEncourage babies from birth to exemplify on the floor, this will lead to head movemen ts, pulling, pushing and movements of body and limbs, and this is a equitable form of daily exercise. (CDC)ToddlersThree hours is the recommended time, for children who walk on their own as daily exercise. Rolling around, running and skipping are activities they could do, better still to encourage children, to play ball games, chasing and climbing frames because these activities are best for this age group.Parents should avoid taking cars to school and encourage children to walk as a daily exercise. Other rough-and-ready methods like swimming, parks or general cleaning can be done as a family. (Web MD)BMI (body mass index)BMI is a way of seeing if your cant is appropriate for your height. Generally the higher youre BMI the risk of medical illnesses is to a fault higher.BMI under 18.5 is considered tight-fitting, it could be both(prenominal)one is just slim, but if due to poor fare and nutrients it can lead to illnesses such as anaemia, bone thinning and infertility18.5-24.9 is normal you are having the right amount of calories for your activities25-29.9 is overweight this could increase developing stroke, CHD, diabetesThe way to calculate BMI is by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in square metre.57 / (1.31.3) =33.73 overweight Weight height squared BMI40/ (1.51.5) =17.78 underweightAdults and children have different charts to work out BMI, as in adults there is no difference in males and females but in children there is. (Bupa)Healthy EatingHealthy eating is the third element of a healthy lifestyle. Meals should include food from all the different food groups so adults and children have an intake of all the different nutrients, vitamins and minerals for all around goodness.At meal times children observing the parents eat healthy food, will want the children to share and explore the same food. As parents are the main carers of children from birth, naturally the same eating habits will appear in the child.Carbohydratesrice, pasta, potatoes Other starchy foodsEnergy, fibre vitamins. IronEffective bowel fermentProteinMilk, meat, fish, eggs, cheeseProtein, zinc iron, B vitaminsRepair and growth of the body cells. Healthy bonesFruit and vegetablesAll fresh fruit and vegetables, peas ,beans, sweet cornVitamins A,C E, foliose and fibreExcellent source of fibre, assist with a healthy weightFat(unsaturated) olives, sunflower oil, salmon, fresh tuna, nutsLowering cholesterol(saturated)crisps, oil, lard, chips, sweetsVitamin AD indis playpensable Fatty acids, energyenergySugarsSugar, jam. honey, juiceVitamin ADenergyFat has two categories saturated and unsaturated, saturated fat can lead to coronary tone illness, it increases cholesterol. Unsaturated fat is more beneficial as it lowers cholesterol in the descent.Sugary foods such as chocolates, fizzy drinks should be eaten less(prenominal) frequently and less in quantity as it could lead to weight gain and tooth decay.An unhealthy lifestyle can cause many illnesses.Chronic illness is a dour term illness which usually cannot be reversed, it means having to adjust to the illness which may cause disruption to ones life. Many things will change i.e. the way we live our life and how we relate to others. A chronic illness can make life stressful.Common chronic illnessesStroke-this is when blood supply has break off off to the part of the brain, necessary oxygen doesnt reach the brain. Cancer-there are over two hundred types of cancer and it effect different body parts, malignant cells can grow and reproduce uncontrollably destroying healthy tissues around organs and other parts of the body.Diabetes-there are two types of diabetes. Type 1 is when body doesnt produce any insulin at all and type 2 when the body doesnt produce enough insulin. Type 2 is usually found in older people. Not sideline the dietary rules can lead to eye problems and foot ulcers and more illnesses.Coronary heart disease- coronary arteries are blocked by fattening substances which s top the blood flowing to the heart, this can be caused by high saturated diet and smoking, its the biggest killer in the UK.High blood pressure (hypertension),-Around 30% of people in England have high blood pressure, blood is pressed against the walls of your arteries to pump around the body, if pressure is high that means there is a great strain on the arteries. If treatment is not done this could lead to stroke or heart disease.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (coped)-this is when the airways have narrowed causing the person not being able to breath, most likely cause can be smoking although fumes dot and air can cause this but very rare.(NHS)A number of risk factors can be the root to the above diseasesPhysical inactivity We indispensability to encourage the young to be active.SmokingUnhealthy diet high amounts of saturated fat, sugar and salt can be harmful.Large consumption of alcoholic beverageAn unhealthy lifestyle is more likely to increase chronic illness, a person may have family history and so may be innate(p) into it, some illnesses are particularly to age gender or ethnic groups, nevertheless treatment and advice can be given to decrease the symptoms by following the healthy lifestyleInactivity can lead to poor health and chronic illnesses. Obesity in children is on the increase over the years. Unhealthy food in addition to inactivity has been a cause of this, there has been a fourfold increase in children and teenagers with obesity related illnesses.Surveys in England conclude that 3 in 2-15year olds are overweightHighest levels of obesity were found in older children, and those children with higher level of obesity lacked in physical exercise. Therefore exercise from young can reduce and reverse chronic illnesses like heart disease and diabetes.(BBC)Children who are obese from a young age or have parents that are overweight will result in being overweight when older. The worst diet is known to be in the poorer families as they have less intermixture in healthy food because food which has high saturated fat and salt will be cheaper. (Faculty of public Health)Activities for young childrenCreative ActivitiesActivities can be done both indoors and outdoors. Other than physical activities, activities which bring out the imagination of children should also be encouraged, a crayon or a pen can write stories and draw pictures, these pictures can tell a lot of what children are thinking and feeling thus enhancing good emotional well being for children.Needle work and cookery are also good ways of making children active, i.e. baking pizza, using different vegetables and vibrant coloured vegetables like verdure pepper, red pepper and sweet corn. Meals including different vegetables like a Sunday meal or a plate of fresh and different fruits, ranging in influence and shapes will bring the attention of the child making eating times healthy plus encouraging family time.(Childrenssociety)Activities done as a family will also b e a positive step towards a good well beingPhysical ActivitiesIn todays world, internet, games and mobiles has made children inactive, sitting doesnt burn of food. Physical activity whether in the form of exercise or play is vital for children to grow up healthy, mental well being is also important.Depending on age, children under 5 should have at least 3 hours of physical play daily, as long as they can walk unaided. Children over 5 should have at least 1 hour of exercise daily.Parents should make time for walks and playing in the garden, maybe even extending visits to the local parks, woods and cities. Older children would most likely prefer football, basketball and dance as all these include other children. This will help increase confidence and view as social well being.Local councils and libraries offer quite a lot of activities and ideas for children.Well beingWellbeing means the quality of life there are many factors to determine wellbeing i.e. Income, background, health an d education. Well being also cover how a persons life is emotionally, physically and socially as well as many other things.The root to wellbeing is the home, looking at whether parents are happy, confident and able to tackle everyday tasks and problems as well as providing a loving home.Arguments and confrontation should be avoided in the as this can be detrimental to a Childs well being.Routines and consistency doesnt mean strict but gives a sense of stability, responsibility and safety to the child. Children will learn through trial and error, let the child learn through their own actions and mistakes and should they be punished make it clear as to what the punishment is for, but consistency in rules has to be there.(wiki How)Taking time out to engage in conversation with children is vital they need to be listened to by a parent or even an older loved one. The child will open up to any problems or difficulty because the love and attention is there leading to a good emotional well being.(wiki How)A child care pore is where a child is happy and comfortable to be able to open up about feelings of happiness or sadness leading to show any signs of difficulties or problems, this should be evaluated on a regular basis. The carer needs to make the sure the environment produces this atmosphere of safety, love and care and encourages trust.Places like school, nurseries and playgroup run number of sessions to help and support parents raising families. Parenting can be hard and at times, stressful. Just as its important for children to have a good wellbeing it is also important for parents.Parents can also open up here, talking to staff and relating to other parents that attend, this will help any anxieties, stress or problems there may be.These are trained staff who are experts in this field. The centres are nationwide, some are free and are provided by the government to support families some charge money.A healthy lifestyle is very important for a happy and content l ife, both mental and physical well being is important. recognition list (Online web Resources)BBC.BUPA.Childrenssociety.CDC Healthy Living.Faculty Of Public Health.NHSWEBMDWiki How

The concept of national identity

The concept of subject argona individuation elementIn recent years, due to the expansion of modernism and modernisation on a global scale, there support been developments at cultural and structural levels, resulting in a change in subject identicalness and making the study of patriotism and depicted object identity an important topic in social science. These studies argon often concerned with the complex and contradictory constitution of cultural identities and the type of communication conjecture media in the development and reconfiguration of those identities.This essay will attempt to define the terms nation and interior(a) identity and discuss how far these concepts relate directly to geographic location and/or political boundaries. It will look at the relationship among the media and national identity and explore its extensiveness and what it means for the concept of national identity itself. Addition whollyy, the final payment of whether national identities are re al or perceive will be addressed as well as whether the concept, or indeed, the experience of national identity is a media-dependent phenomenon. Other issues that will be discusses include the elements that may contri onlye to an individuals sense of national identity and what an absence of (national) media would mean for the concept of national identity and the sense of belonging to a particular nation.Many scholars would agree that the concepts of nation, nationality and patriotism have all proved difficult to define and analyse. Anderson (1991) n whizzs that while patriotism has had signifi whoremastert influence on the modern world, plausible theory about(predicate) it is conspicuously meagre (p.54). Seton-Watson (1997) concludes that while no scientific definition of the nation tin heap be devised, the phenomenon has existed and exists (p.5). Even Nairn (1975) remarks that the theory of nationalism represents Marxisms great historical failure. But even this confession is somewhat misleading, in so far as it asshole be taken to imply the regrettable outcome of a long, self-conscious search for theoretical clarity (p. 3). Although there is little consensus regarding the forces responsible for its manifestation, most theorists on nationalism believe it to be an essentially modern phenomenon, appearing in the late eighteenth cytosine in Europe and North America.Three theorists bristle out in the genealogical debate over nationalism. Hobsbawm (1990) defined nationalism as the popular realisation of political rights in a sovereign body politic. A populace linked itself to a limited national territory and was embodied through a centralised government, an event he believed first occurred during the French Revolution. If nationalism was a modern invention, so were nations the nation-state was the result, rather than the origin, of a nationalist discourse (Hobsbawm, 1990, p.28). Gellner (1983) adopted an economically reductionist approach, deeming nation alism a necessary function of industrialisation. He argued that beca ingestion industry required skilled labour, a roughhewn vernacular, and high rates of literacy, the need developed for a national high enculturation promoted by a state run educational system. Simultaneously, the old agrarian order faded onward and societal anonymity replaced provincial distinctness, facilitating the creation of a homogeneous national culture. Like Hobsbawm, Gellner sought to dispel teleological notions of the nation as eternal and reiterated that national was a modern invention, created in response to the needs of a stark naked economic system, even it represented itself as a natural, historical phenomenon.The theory of the nation as invention was taken further by Anderson (1983), who saw nationalism as a process of imagining communities. Nation-states are imagined because members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, or even hear of them, yet in the minds o f each live the image of their communion (Anderson, 1983, p.15). He argued that the decline of universal religious paradigms and the rise in print capitalism allowed for this cultural construction to parade in eighteenth century. The trade consumption of newspapers and novels enforced a common vernacular, linked a populace to urban centres, and encouraged common participation in a shared imagined culture. Anderson (1983) implied that the reformation of the printing press did more to encourage nationalism than did the advent of industrialisation. Despite their differences, all three of these prominent theoreticians identified nationalism, and by association the nation-state, as a phenomenon of the last few centuries. It has therefore been suggested that m, is not the most useful tool for categorising nationalism or national identity. slice nationalism is dependent on a variety of historical factors, it has been noted that national identity cannot be labelled as embryonic nationali sm because not all national identities function within nations. Estel (2002) describes national identity as a special case of collective identityThis does not mean an objective, i.e. systemic, connection strengthened by human beings, but its interlingual rendition by the members of that collective hence it must be socially shared, the binding knowledge being the key factor. issue identity then means a socially shared and binding knowledge in the form of an officially prevailing conception of itself in a certain nation being imparted through certain institutions (p.108).As many have asserted to, the concept of national identity is complex, and its intensity, character and origins vary with time and place. Smith (1991) argues that identity operates on two levels, the individual and the collective which are often confused in discussions of social and national identity. Collective identities are dispassionate of individual members they are not reducible to an aggregate of individu als sharing a particular cultural trait. Similarly, from a description of the elements one cannot read off the presumable actions and dispositions of individual members, only the kinds of contexts and constraints within which they operate (p.130). He adds that the broadest subtype of collective cultural identities is the ethnie or heathenish community. Connor (1993) agreesIf we look at todays countries, many of them seem to build their perceived inner similarity on a premise of shared ethnicity. A subconscious belief in the groups separate origin and evolution is an important share of national psychology. This belief in the groups separate origin and evolution is the basis of ethnic identity, and ethnic identity seems to constitute the core of nations (p.377).Ethnic communities are characterised by a perception of similarity among members, stemming from a perception of kinship (a blood relationship), and a simultaneous perception of difference from other ethnic communities (Eriks en, 1993, p.12). They have a common collective name, a collective historical memory, common cultural traits, a homeland, a myth of common descent, and a powerful sense of internal solidarity. This element of fictive kinship, which is at the heart of ethnic affiliation, is besides at the heart of feelings of nationhood (Smith, 1991, pp. 21-22). As Connor (1993) suggests, it is not what is but what people perceive as is which determines the cessation of national feeling. The nation-as-a-family metaphor is not a rational feeling, but rather an emotive one it is a bond beyond reason appealing not to the brain but to the blood (Connor, 1993, p.384). Das and Harindranath (2006) suggests that even in the absence of an ethnically homogenous population, nations rely on the idea of an over arching ethnic bond to emphasise the difference from non-members and to join all members into a national community (p.11).National identity, to whatever degree it exists, is constituted by the interlacin g forces of register and collective choice (Parekh, 1994). It is a dynamic structure of affiliation, with strong foundations in the past but susceptible to change in the future. Nations base their claim to statehood on assumptions of a shared cultural hereditary pattern, which are in turn most often based on assumptions of shared ethnicity. The latter assumption has less to do with a reality of common ethnicity than with a myth of common ethnicity which is cast over multi-ethnic communities to turn them into politicised national communities (Das and Harindranath, 2006, p.12). Most modern nation states are multi-ethic, making it difficult to define one unified conception of national identity among all members.Throughout the early modern period, the character and intensity of national identity varied widely from place to place. The idea of the unity of a nation-state could come either from its cultural or political unity. Sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe was the location of the formation of nation states. In England, France, Spain and Sweden, the dominating ethnic community incorporated outlaying regions and ethnicities into a dominant ethnic culture through the use of bureaucratic, centralised state machinery. Employing fiscal, judicial, military and administrative processes it welded together often disparate populations into a single ethnic community based on the cultural heritage of the dominant core (Smith, 1991, p.68). This is what Smith (1991) identifies the dominant ethnie model which is present in countries like Burma where the dominant Burmese ethnic community has heavily influenced the formation and the nature of the state of Burma (now kn bear as Myanmar), rather than the Karen, Shan or Mon ethnic groups. Other cultures continue to flourish but the identity of the emerging political community is regulate by the historic culture of its dominant ethnie. The construction of the nation here becomes a process of reconstructing the ethnic core a nd integrating the culture with the requirements of the modern state and with the aspirations of minority communities. Non-dominant cultures are then relegated to the position of minority cultures (Smith, 1991, pp.110-111).Smith (1991) also notes that there are some multi-ethnic states where discrepancy in inter-ethnic power is bare(a) enough to allow for a state along the lines of the supra-ethnic model, where the emphasis is on political rather cultural unity (p. 112). However, Das and Harindranath (2006) states the success of this model is problematic as representative examples are few and far between (p.13). much(prenominal) cases might include the Nigerian case, where the attempt to build a supra-ethnic state resulted in the concentration of power in the hands of three major ethic groups (out of the existing 250 groups) rather than any one. As Connor (1993, p.375) argues, a people who are politically and culturally pre-eminent in a state (even though other groups are present in significant numbers) tend to equate the entire country with their own ethnic homeland, and to perceive the state as an extension of their particular ethnic group. Oommen (1990) suggests that once a multi-ethnic or poly-ethnic state emerges it becomes a reality-in-itself. The coexistence and interaction between the contrasting nations or ethnic groups produce certain emergent properties which give a new meaning and a collective self-identification to the constituent units (p.35). This collective self-identification of a people with a nation-state according to Das and Harindranath (2006) is their national identity. Tying a nation together is a deep network of common institutions a military, a common economy, a common legal system, a common administrative infrastructure, and a variety of shared institutions transport, communications, earthly concern utilities and banks among others. At a more macroscopic level are the overt makers of national identity, the political symbols tha t set one nation-state apart from others a name, flag, national emblem, national language, common currency (p. 16). These are invented traditions which shortly acquire the feel of antiquity but are in fact usually of recent origin (Hobsbawn and Ranger, 1983).The formation of such identification involves dimensions of unity and permanency (Melucci, in Schlesinger, 1991, p.154). The latter suggests that the nation has to be seen as persisting through time, well into the past and future it has to be seen as beyond time (Connor, 1993, p.382). Such an imagining of the nation as beyond time, according to Das and Harindranath (2006) takes national identity partly into the realm of non-rational, making it an emotional identification rather than an intellectual one.The issue of creating certain unanimity within nation-states and the process of nation-building then comes to the forefront and most nations look to the media to play its part in the construct of a national culture and a nation al community. Why the media? Das and Harindranath (2006) explains that considering how much of our knowledge of the world comes from mediated communication, either through people or through the mass media, this is believably to be a primary source of influence on our structures of identification since we cannot accomplish precise abstract levels of identification (as with a nation-state) by exclusive trustingness on our own direct lived experience or face to face communication of others (p.18). Media have typically been institutional products of nations and, as such, play a profound role in their maintenance (Anderson, 1983, pp. 24-25). In most countries national broadcasting in the early forms (especially before its commercialisation, when it could not afford the stratification of its audience), has made realizable the transformations of individual activities (dramas, performances, etc) into fictions of collective national life for millions of individuals who may never interac t with one another. It is a fact that nation-states must have a measure of common culture and civic ideology, a set of common understandings and aspirations, sentiments and ideas that bind the population together in their homeland. The major agencies through which this socialisation is carried out are the mass education system and the mass media (Smith, 1991, p.11).Das and Harindranath (2006) notesNational identity has been an underlying theme in communications research since the 1950s, when new technologies were linking the world with their ever-increasing reach into different global populations. At that time, these technologies were held up as a panacea for the ills of underdevelopment researchers such as Schramm and Lerner eagerly endorsed the view that judicious deployment of Western media products in the Third existence would help bring to them the benefits of western progress and development (p.18).Sreberny (2008) points out, this idea and model of development was criticise d for equating development with the West. The media/cultural imperialism theory, which gained impetus from such criticism, argues that the excessive diminish of media products from West to East of from North to South leads to the erosion of national cultures in the non-Western world, resulting eventually in a homogenised world in the image of the west. Melucci (1989) disagreed with this theory as wellTo simply be aware of something is not to identify with it identification comes from the making of an emotional investment, an investment which enables a group of people to sleep together themselves in each other, and to feel a similarity with other members of a group. In addition to being aware of the existence of nation-states therefore, I must also be aware that there are many of them, that the one I live in is different from the others, and that I belong to a particular one because of my similarity with others of that nation-state. I can then be said to possess a national identity . My identity is therefore not just Indian but equally not French, not Thai (p.17).Today, national media are participating in the two processes of national identity building. Firstly, as tellers of national myths, (especially in clock of crises, rapid social change or external threat), as engravers of national symbols upon the nations memory, and presenters of national rituals (elections, celebrations, etc), they work in the direction of emphasising the similarities among the group members. For media producers, the prominence of national identity in the media content is encouraged by the knowledge that they are constructing news for a national audience with which they share national membership (Entman, 1991 Rivenburgh, 1999).Secondly, as a primary domain of the public sphere, the media produce and reinforce the relational opposition of us and the others. One of the areas of media content to which such nationalist discourse today is very high, is news and especially the coverage of foreign affairs. Comparative international news research shows the significant role of the media in perpetuating a world view that systematically favours the home nation perspective on world affairs (Rivenburgh, 1999). Discrepant perceptions of world affairs largely emanate from different cultural and political set held by groups with different national identities enhanced by national media coverage (Rivenburgh, 1991, p.1).The media play a significant role in collapsing the experience of distance by creating a global simultaneity, rendering events across the world into nightly news broadcast into our living rooms. Media coverage of crisis events may not only affect public opinion but may increasingly provide policy makers with vital information to determine lines of foreign policy and diplomatic initiatives (Sreberny, 2008). Additionally,At the start of the twenty-first century, more and more people lived in mediatised societies where our understanding of local, national and inter national political, economic and cultural issues is framed by and through the media and other cultural industries. While we need to be wary of collapsing cultural issues into technological developments, it is nonetheless true that the global spread of media has raised a host of new questions about our identities, about our relations with others and about our understanding of the world (Sreberny, 2008, p.10).One prominent pattern that emerges in the images of nationhood is the definition of national and anti-national by the media, the normal and abnormal, the good and the bad. Such photograph is important especially in nation states characterised by diversity (Das and Harindranath, 2006, p.19). Scannell and Cardiff (1991) illustrate such a definition in the British case showing how the BBC hard-boiled British music as essentially synonymous with English music while the music of Scotland, Wales and Ireland was marginalised. This case clearly illustrated how the media contribute to t he articulation of the identity of the dominant ethnic group in a multi-ethnic nation-state. New forms of communications and media such as the internet have made it possible for those individuals living extraneous of their respective nations to still maintain a sense of national identity. The internet can be a very important vehicle for the transmission of ideas concerning a national identity, particularly for those people who have lost or left their homeland. The internet provides a special type of community with a very strong common feeling national communities without a nation. People scattered all over the world regardless of they are from still have succeeded in maintaining a national identity without a nation state. While this used to take place in physical places, the internet and other forms of new media offers different possibilities for these communities, for they can now organise worldwide, reach new members and communicate with these members more often. The websites vi sited and used by these communities form more than a virtual nation. Their aim is to construct a true nation and it is done by presenting users with sites that are as complete and historic as possible as all varieties of news and information can be found on the internet. The mass media thus engender a we-feeling, a feeling of family, among the community, providing continual opportunities for identification with the nation. The media enable entire populations to participate in the everyday life of a country-wide community, uniting individual members of the national family into a shared political and cultural rubric (Chaney, 1998, p. 249).It is equally important to note that agencies of socialisation such as the media can also be harnessed to divisive purposes which might have the consequence of impeding the construction of a national identity or of undermining the force of one or more elements of the symbolic repertoire of nationalistic ideology (Das and Harindranath, 2006, p.19). In some cases, nationalist views and provocative views have make some of the worlds worst massacres. One such example is when RTLM (the Hutu radio/television station in Rwanda) played an inciting and aggravating role in the massacre of the Tutsis by repeatedly broadcasting messages in which Tutsis were slandered and ridiculed and depicted as despicable. On another continent, media in former Yugoslavia have played a significant role in creating an environment of ethnic hate and xenophobia that contributed towards the pre-conditions for savage ethnic wars. While these may be extreme cases, the simple fact of establishing the homogenising tendency of national media is not an adequate to(predicate) base from which to conclude that audiences are homogenised and that advocacy does not always med acceptance. In cases where the national image promoted by the media is not accepted it does meet with electric resistance from sections of the populations.While some resistance is severe as in th e cases of Rwanda and Yugoslavia other populations use organised forms of resistance where the groups in a nation state who are not part of mainstream culture find peaceful ways of asserting their own identities. One such example is the Ernabella Video and Television (EVTV) project in Australia. It was established by leaders of the Ernabella aboriginal community in 1983 as a video project intended to record the local culture, which was fading away with the decline of their previously nomadic lifestyle. It was also a reaction to outside media which local leaders saw as a negative influence on their community. EVTV developed into a television channel by which aboriginals recorded and rediscovered their culture, and it simultaneously enabled them to construct a pan-aboriginal identity among the dispersed aboriginal populations of Australia. It was the discovery and assertion of ethnic aboriginal identity which they actively used to reduce the potential homogenisation influence of mains tream Australian culture depicted on national television (Batty, 1993). other form of resistance is through readings where the argument here is that media audiences interact with media texts in extremely complex ways. Studies have uncovered significant differences in the way audiences from different backgrounds produce diverse readings of an episode of a soap opera, suggesting that social identities affect interpretation of media messages (Ang, 1990).Media texts can therefore no longer be thought of as binding each member of the audience evenly into a particular interpretation the meaning of the text, rather, is open to negotiation between the text and the viewer. Differences in interpretation are not, however, the result of a failure of communication, but are rather the results of differences in the lived experiences and mental words of audiences. Where cultural realities are different, there is a likeliness of different interpretations (Jensen, 1987, p.31).In conclusion, although the established literature lacks firm evidence of individual level media effects it nevertheless suggests with some confidence that there is a strong, substantiating tie between media consumption and individual level national belonging. Drawing largely on historical and textual analysis methods, the claim has been established that the media have been foundational over the past three centuries in the shaping, distribution and institutionalisation of identities. The classic texts on nationalism repeatedly argue that the media have played a key role in nation building and that the idea of a one-culture-for-all does not work and attempts at enculturation of diverse people into a mainstream culture are inescapably resisted through social movements at the peripheries of the mainstream (Das and Harindranath, 2006, p.21). Martin- Barbero (1993) further suggests that communication is a field in which these battles over identity are fought out. The media is therefore the site where states explore routes to uniformity within their nations and are simultaneously the site which assists non-mainstream groups to explore and announce their distinctiveness.

King Lear :: Essays Papers

King LearThere are really two plots in King Lear, a main(prenominal) plot and a fullydeveloped subplot. Each has its own set of characters. In the main plot, there is the head of the family, the80-plus-year-old tabby of Britain, Lear. He has three daughters,Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia. The Duke of Albany is married tothe oldest, Goneril, and the Duke of Cornwall is married toRegan, the middle daughter. Cordelia has two suitors, the Dukeof Burgundy and the King of France. The court jester, the Fool,is by extension a member of the Lear family and part of the mainplot, as is the Earl of Kent, Lears loyal follower. The Earl of Gloucester, also a member of Lears court, is thehead of another family and the focus of the subplot. He has twooffspring, an older, legitimate son named Edgar and a younger,illegitimate or bastard son named Edmund. Various minor characters appear from time to time. They areeasily identified by their connections with whatever maincharacter they serve or sp eak of. As the play opens, Lear has decided to retire and divide hiskingdom among his three daughters. Cordelias husband will bechosen for her immediately after Lear executes this activewill. Before he allots the shares, Lear asks each daughter tomake a profession of her love for him in order to receive herentitlement. Goneril and Regan waste no time professing lovefor their father, but Cordelia is speechless. She loves herfather as any daughter should, no more and no less. Lear isoutraged by what he sees as her lack of devotion. He cutsCordelia out of her share and banishes her. Her share isdivided between Goneril and Regan. Lear gives them everythingbut keeps a retinue, a following of 100 knights who willaccompany him as he alternates periodical visits between his twodaughters. Cordelias suitors are called in. Without a dowry,Burgundy rejects her but the King of France sees her true worthand leads Cordelia off to marriage and his protection. At Gloucesters castle, Edmu nd reveals that he will not let hisillegitimate birth and older brother prevent him from inheritinghis fathers estate. He devises a plan to convince Gloucesterthat Edgar is secretly planning to kill his father to desexualise hishands on the family property and enjoy it while hes stillyoung. Edmund then tells Edgar that their father is after himfor some mistaken notion of a reported crime.

Car Wax :: essays research papers

ALL ABOUT CAR WAXA waxed painted surface protects the paint from many contaminants including minor abrasions, on with protection from UV rays and infra-red light. Waxes which supposedly clean and wax in one application compromise both processes. Brazilian Carnauba (car-NOW-ba) wax is wax of plectron for automotive paints. Wax provides an invisible barrier to protect the paint. Since carnauba is hydroscopic, meaning that it naturally absorbs water, it expands upon application to a cars painted surface and protects it from the elements. Pure carnauba is impractical to apply in such form -- it is rock-hard. Pure high grade carnauba, when mixed with natural oils in ranges from 25 to 50 percent produce the deepest and richest speculate to a painted surface. There are compromises in achieving such a result. Ease of application durability, and speed in getting the job done lots require a greater mix of silicones and polymers and less carnauba. Those types of waxes of tenner sacrifice depth of gloss and shine to the paint. Your needs may be suited by specific products which balance the ease of application, depth of shine, and durability of the end result. With pure waxes with natural oils as the carrying agent, wax will adhere to the paint immediately without snowy residue or deposits left. Wax is applied in straight strokes in either direction and taken up with a clean terry stuff pass over before it dries at the point where it becomes tacky. If wax is applied in high humidity it may streak. It may also streak due to wavelike application if you apply the wax in a circular motion. Small areas should be waxed at one time. Constantly rotate the cleaning towel to apply a fresh area of the towel for proper wax removal. Use a foam applicator for the wax application rather than a cloth. The closed cell foam will not absorb wax into the material -- all you want to do is apply a thin characterization onto the paint for a proper application. Only a microscopic portio n of wax adheres to the surface of the paint. Excess wax will only be wiped glum and wasted in the process if too much wax is applied at one time. An eight ounce container of wax should enable you to do ten to twenty applications of your cars finish. The Facts Behind Wax For many detailers, nothing finishes off a well-detailed car like a high quality finish wax or polish.